SPHHS 150 Final Exam Questions and Graded Answers, 100 %
Guaranteed
PERIE - ✔✔problem, etiology, recommendations, implementation, evaluation
problem - ✔✔defining the problem, understand it's morbidity (illness) and death from
illness (mortality) what is the course and distribution of the disease?
etiology - ✔✔understanding the causes of the problem
for something to be a cause: - ✔✔precedes the effect, altering the cause alters the effect at
the population level
evidence based - ✔✔effectiveness is supported by credible research findings
epidemiology - ✔✔how health and disease are distributed and affect a population. work to
prevent and control disease by identifying causes, tracking spread, and developing solutions.
incidence - ✔✔number of new cases of a disease that develop within a population over a
given period of time
prevalence - ✔✔proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at a particular
point in time, including both new and existing cases
descriptive epidemiology - ✔✔describe the distribution of a disease within a population by
looking at patterns across time, place, and person.
analytic epidemiology - ✔✔seeks to identify the causes and risk factors of a disease by
analysing relationships between exposures and health outcomes.
, exposure - ✔✔factor that influences the occurrence of the health condition
(independent variable-> predictor)
outcome - ✔✔health condition that is being observed
(dependent variable-> observed)
cohort study - ✔✔studying groups (cohorts) over long periods of time to see how certain
exposures affect outcomes of interest
smoking --> lung cancer in 10 years + nonsmoking --> no lung cancer in 10 years
cohort pros and cons - ✔✔pros: good for rare exposures, allows calculation of incidence
(risk)
cons: time consuming, costly to follow up, can introduce bias
case-control study - ✔✔individuals with a particular disease and individuals without the
disease, asks about their past
case-control pros and cons - ✔✔pros: quick and inexpensive, efficient, requires fewer
participants
cons: cannot establish temporality, can't calculate incidence directly, can't remember past,
bias
cross-sectional study - ✔✔collects data at a single point in time to assess the relationship
between exposures and outcomes.
determines prevalence of a condition in a population (diabetes)
cross-sectional pros and cons - ✔✔pros: quick and cost effective, useful for hypothesis
generation
cons: can't establish temporality, can be affected by survival bias
Guaranteed
PERIE - ✔✔problem, etiology, recommendations, implementation, evaluation
problem - ✔✔defining the problem, understand it's morbidity (illness) and death from
illness (mortality) what is the course and distribution of the disease?
etiology - ✔✔understanding the causes of the problem
for something to be a cause: - ✔✔precedes the effect, altering the cause alters the effect at
the population level
evidence based - ✔✔effectiveness is supported by credible research findings
epidemiology - ✔✔how health and disease are distributed and affect a population. work to
prevent and control disease by identifying causes, tracking spread, and developing solutions.
incidence - ✔✔number of new cases of a disease that develop within a population over a
given period of time
prevalence - ✔✔proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at a particular
point in time, including both new and existing cases
descriptive epidemiology - ✔✔describe the distribution of a disease within a population by
looking at patterns across time, place, and person.
analytic epidemiology - ✔✔seeks to identify the causes and risk factors of a disease by
analysing relationships between exposures and health outcomes.
, exposure - ✔✔factor that influences the occurrence of the health condition
(independent variable-> predictor)
outcome - ✔✔health condition that is being observed
(dependent variable-> observed)
cohort study - ✔✔studying groups (cohorts) over long periods of time to see how certain
exposures affect outcomes of interest
smoking --> lung cancer in 10 years + nonsmoking --> no lung cancer in 10 years
cohort pros and cons - ✔✔pros: good for rare exposures, allows calculation of incidence
(risk)
cons: time consuming, costly to follow up, can introduce bias
case-control study - ✔✔individuals with a particular disease and individuals without the
disease, asks about their past
case-control pros and cons - ✔✔pros: quick and inexpensive, efficient, requires fewer
participants
cons: cannot establish temporality, can't calculate incidence directly, can't remember past,
bias
cross-sectional study - ✔✔collects data at a single point in time to assess the relationship
between exposures and outcomes.
determines prevalence of a condition in a population (diabetes)
cross-sectional pros and cons - ✔✔pros: quick and cost effective, useful for hypothesis
generation
cons: can't establish temporality, can be affected by survival bias
