BIO 141 Final Exam |301 Questions with solutions
All cells must have... - --Nucleic acids that store and transmit info
-Proteins that perform most of the cells functions
-Carbs that provide chemical energy, carbon, support, identity
-A plasma membrane which serves as a selectively permeable membrane barrier.
-Pro: Chromosome - -Singular, circular chromosome that consists of large DNA molecules
with a small number of proteins
-Pro: Nucleoid - -location and structural organization of circular chromosome.
-Pro: Plasmids - -Circular, supercoiled DNA molecules
-Ribosomes - --Function as protein-manufacturing center.
-Not organelles because not surrounded by membranes
-Organelle - --Membrane-bound compartment inside the cell that contains enzymes or
structures specialized for a specific function.
-Functions: store calcium ions, etc; hold crystals for mineral magnetite (sense magnetic
field); organize enzyme for synthesizing compounds; sequestering enzymes that generate
chemical energy from ammonium.
-Cytoskeleton - -protein filaments that help maintain structure
-Cytoplasm - --all the contents excluding the nucleus.
-Plasma membrane creates an internal environment that is distinct from the outside, non-
living environments
-Cell Wall - --Tough fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membrane
-Protects against hypertonic effects.
-Glycolipids: lipids that contain carbohydrate group, creates protective layer.
-Flagella: - --Assembled from 40+ different proteins
-Base in membrane, rotation spins long helical filaments that propels cells around 60 cell
lengths per second.
-Fimbriae - -Needlelike projections that extend from plasma membrane and promote
attachment to other cells/surfaces.
-Cytosol - -Fluid portion between the plasma membrane and organelles, small fraction of
volume of cell.
-Advantages of compartmentalization - --Incompatible chemical reactions can be
separated.
,-Chemical reactions become more efficient.
-Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - --Euk. chromosomes are much larger.
-Euk. cells are much larger.
-Euk. cells contain extensive amounts of internal membrane.
-Euk. cells have diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton.
-Nucleus - --Location of genetic material
-Parts: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nuclear lamina.
-Nuclear Envelope - -Complex double membrane, studded with pore-like openings.
-Nuclear Lamina - -Linked fibrous proteins that form a lattice-like sheet.
-Nucleolus - -Where RNA molecules found in ribosomes are manufactured and subunits
are assembled.
-Endoplasmic Reticulum - --Portions of the nuclear envelope that extend into the
cytoplasm to form an extensive membrane-enclosed factory.
-Rough ER - --Ribosomes attach to membrane and synthesize proteins that will be
inserted in the plasma membrane.
-Proteins secreted to exterior or shipped to an organelle.
-Proteins carry messages, membrane transport, enzymes.
-Ribosomes undergo folding and processing.
-Lumen - -The interior of any sac-like structure in a cell or body.
-Smooth ER - --Contain enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids.
-Synthesize or break down, manufacturing size of phospholipids for membrane.
-Reservoir for calcium ions, responsible for signal triggering.
-Golgi Apparatus - --Consists of discrete flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae,
which are stacked on top of each other.
-Cis-side close to the nucleus and receives products.
-Trans-side oriented toward the plasma membrane, ships products off.
-Lysosomes: - --Recycling centers
-40 different enzymes specialized for hydrolyzing different types of macromolecules.
-Amino acids leave lysosome via transport and used as energy or building blocks.
-Digestive enzymes = acid hydrolyses at pH 5.0 and use water to break monomers.
-Endomembrane System Organelles - --System for producing, processing, and
transporting proteins and lipids.
-Golgi Apparatus
-ER
, -Lysosomes
-Vacuoles - --Larger than lysosomes sometimes 80% of cell volume
-Storage depots, often for K+ and Cl-
-Only in plant and fungi cells.
-Peroxisomes - --Centers for redox reactions, products often include peroxide
-Single membraned and originate as buds from the ER
-Mitochondria - --Produce ATP
-Outer membrane defines organelles surface.
-Inner membrane is connected to a series of sac-like cristae
-Mitochondrial matrix: solution enclosed with in inner membrane.
-Most machines and enzymes for synthesizing ATP are in cristae/matrix
-Chloroplasts - --Where sunlight is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis
-Instead of cristae, thylakoids: membrane-bound, flat, sac-like.
-Grana: stacks of thylakoids.
-Stroma: contain enzymes that use chemical energy to produce energy.
-Endosymbiosis Theory - --Ancestral eukaryotes ingested mitochondria and chloroplasts
and established a mutually beneficial relationship.
-Cytoskeleton: - --Extensive system of protein fibers.
-Provides shape, structure stability and more cell itself and more materials within the cell.
-Nuclear Transport - --Nuclear lamina provides an attachment point for chromosomes,
each of which occupy a well-defined region.
-Nuclear pores: small opening connecting nucleus with cytosol.
-Out: ribosomal RNAs and mRNA travel through where protein synthesis takes place
-In: Nucleotides and certain proteins enter in.
-Nuclear proteins are synthesized by ribosomes and contain a zip code that marks them for
transport through pore complex.
-Nucleoplasmin - -Found in nucleus and plays role in assembly at chromatin
-Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) - -17 amino acid long section that has to be present to
direct neoplasm to nucleus.
-Endomembrane System - --Begins in ribosomes free in the cytosol.
-Ribosomes attach outside of the ER by way of ER Signal Sequence
-Signal Sequence binds to Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)
-Ribosomes, signal sequence, and SRP move to ER membrane
-Once SRP and receptor connect, RP released and protein synthesis continues.
-Protein fed into ER lumen thru channel, signal sequence removed.
-Protein folds into 3D shape
All cells must have... - --Nucleic acids that store and transmit info
-Proteins that perform most of the cells functions
-Carbs that provide chemical energy, carbon, support, identity
-A plasma membrane which serves as a selectively permeable membrane barrier.
-Pro: Chromosome - -Singular, circular chromosome that consists of large DNA molecules
with a small number of proteins
-Pro: Nucleoid - -location and structural organization of circular chromosome.
-Pro: Plasmids - -Circular, supercoiled DNA molecules
-Ribosomes - --Function as protein-manufacturing center.
-Not organelles because not surrounded by membranes
-Organelle - --Membrane-bound compartment inside the cell that contains enzymes or
structures specialized for a specific function.
-Functions: store calcium ions, etc; hold crystals for mineral magnetite (sense magnetic
field); organize enzyme for synthesizing compounds; sequestering enzymes that generate
chemical energy from ammonium.
-Cytoskeleton - -protein filaments that help maintain structure
-Cytoplasm - --all the contents excluding the nucleus.
-Plasma membrane creates an internal environment that is distinct from the outside, non-
living environments
-Cell Wall - --Tough fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membrane
-Protects against hypertonic effects.
-Glycolipids: lipids that contain carbohydrate group, creates protective layer.
-Flagella: - --Assembled from 40+ different proteins
-Base in membrane, rotation spins long helical filaments that propels cells around 60 cell
lengths per second.
-Fimbriae - -Needlelike projections that extend from plasma membrane and promote
attachment to other cells/surfaces.
-Cytosol - -Fluid portion between the plasma membrane and organelles, small fraction of
volume of cell.
-Advantages of compartmentalization - --Incompatible chemical reactions can be
separated.
,-Chemical reactions become more efficient.
-Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - --Euk. chromosomes are much larger.
-Euk. cells are much larger.
-Euk. cells contain extensive amounts of internal membrane.
-Euk. cells have diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton.
-Nucleus - --Location of genetic material
-Parts: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nuclear lamina.
-Nuclear Envelope - -Complex double membrane, studded with pore-like openings.
-Nuclear Lamina - -Linked fibrous proteins that form a lattice-like sheet.
-Nucleolus - -Where RNA molecules found in ribosomes are manufactured and subunits
are assembled.
-Endoplasmic Reticulum - --Portions of the nuclear envelope that extend into the
cytoplasm to form an extensive membrane-enclosed factory.
-Rough ER - --Ribosomes attach to membrane and synthesize proteins that will be
inserted in the plasma membrane.
-Proteins secreted to exterior or shipped to an organelle.
-Proteins carry messages, membrane transport, enzymes.
-Ribosomes undergo folding and processing.
-Lumen - -The interior of any sac-like structure in a cell or body.
-Smooth ER - --Contain enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids.
-Synthesize or break down, manufacturing size of phospholipids for membrane.
-Reservoir for calcium ions, responsible for signal triggering.
-Golgi Apparatus - --Consists of discrete flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae,
which are stacked on top of each other.
-Cis-side close to the nucleus and receives products.
-Trans-side oriented toward the plasma membrane, ships products off.
-Lysosomes: - --Recycling centers
-40 different enzymes specialized for hydrolyzing different types of macromolecules.
-Amino acids leave lysosome via transport and used as energy or building blocks.
-Digestive enzymes = acid hydrolyses at pH 5.0 and use water to break monomers.
-Endomembrane System Organelles - --System for producing, processing, and
transporting proteins and lipids.
-Golgi Apparatus
-ER
, -Lysosomes
-Vacuoles - --Larger than lysosomes sometimes 80% of cell volume
-Storage depots, often for K+ and Cl-
-Only in plant and fungi cells.
-Peroxisomes - --Centers for redox reactions, products often include peroxide
-Single membraned and originate as buds from the ER
-Mitochondria - --Produce ATP
-Outer membrane defines organelles surface.
-Inner membrane is connected to a series of sac-like cristae
-Mitochondrial matrix: solution enclosed with in inner membrane.
-Most machines and enzymes for synthesizing ATP are in cristae/matrix
-Chloroplasts - --Where sunlight is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis
-Instead of cristae, thylakoids: membrane-bound, flat, sac-like.
-Grana: stacks of thylakoids.
-Stroma: contain enzymes that use chemical energy to produce energy.
-Endosymbiosis Theory - --Ancestral eukaryotes ingested mitochondria and chloroplasts
and established a mutually beneficial relationship.
-Cytoskeleton: - --Extensive system of protein fibers.
-Provides shape, structure stability and more cell itself and more materials within the cell.
-Nuclear Transport - --Nuclear lamina provides an attachment point for chromosomes,
each of which occupy a well-defined region.
-Nuclear pores: small opening connecting nucleus with cytosol.
-Out: ribosomal RNAs and mRNA travel through where protein synthesis takes place
-In: Nucleotides and certain proteins enter in.
-Nuclear proteins are synthesized by ribosomes and contain a zip code that marks them for
transport through pore complex.
-Nucleoplasmin - -Found in nucleus and plays role in assembly at chromatin
-Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) - -17 amino acid long section that has to be present to
direct neoplasm to nucleus.
-Endomembrane System - --Begins in ribosomes free in the cytosol.
-Ribosomes attach outside of the ER by way of ER Signal Sequence
-Signal Sequence binds to Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)
-Ribosomes, signal sequence, and SRP move to ER membrane
-Once SRP and receptor connect, RP released and protein synthesis continues.
-Protein fed into ER lumen thru channel, signal sequence removed.
-Protein folds into 3D shape
