MDC 2 EXAM 1 WITH PRECISE DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Benign cells - correct answer✔✔Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong
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time
Benign Cell Features - correct answer✔✔o Harmless
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o Do not usually require intervention
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o Slow growing
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o Tight Adherence
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o Specific morphology
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o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
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o Specific differentiated functions
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o Tight adherence
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o Orderly growth
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o No migration
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o Normal chromosomes
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Benign cell looks similar to a - correct answer✔✔healthy cell
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Examples of Benign cells - correct answer✔✔o Skin Tag
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o Mole
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o Nasal Polyp
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o Uterine Fibroids
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o Endometriosis
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,Malignant cells - correct answer✔✔indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tissues and result in death ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Malignant cell features - correct answer✔✔o Large nucleus ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Migration
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o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
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o Loose adherence
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o Rapid or continuous cell division
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o Loss of cellular regulation
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o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
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Seven warning signs of cancer - correct answer✔✔o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
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o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
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o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
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Cancer development stages of malignancy - correct answer✔✔o Initiation
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o Promotion
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o Progression
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o Metastasis
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Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - correct answer✔✔Normal cells are damaged and
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irreversible
,Promotion - correct answer✔✔Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Progression - correct answer✔✔Increase in production of malignant cells ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Metastasis - correct answer✔✔Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - correct answer✔✔cancer development ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer classification - correct answer✔✔o Grading
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o Ploidy
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o Staging
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o TNM
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o Doubling time and mitotic index
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Grading - correct answer✔✔Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of
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mutation of cancer cell from normal cells ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Ex. 1= No mutation
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o 4= Severe mutation
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Ploidy - correct answer✔✔Number of chromosomes
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Staging - correct answer✔✔How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
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TNM - correct answer✔✔o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
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o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
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o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Doubling time and mitotic index - correct answer✔✔Period of time required for that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Stage 1=Localized
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer prevention primary - correct answer✔✔o Sunscreen
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Avoid smoking
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Chemoprevention
||\\//||
o Vaccine (HPV)
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer prevention secondary - correct answer✔✔o Mammogram
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Pap smear
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Prostate test
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer prevention tertiary - correct answer✔✔People who are already affected and getting
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
treatment (examples below) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Chemo
||\\//||
o Radiation
||\\//||
o Surgery, etc.
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Types of cancers - correct answer✔✔carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
blastoma
Carcinoma - correct answer✔✔malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Benign cells - correct answer✔✔Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
time
Benign Cell Features - correct answer✔✔o Harmless
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Do not usually require intervention
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Slow growing
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Tight Adherence
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Specific morphology
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Specific differentiated functions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Tight adherence
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Orderly growth
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o No migration
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Normal chromosomes
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Benign cell looks similar to a - correct answer✔✔healthy cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples of Benign cells - correct answer✔✔o Skin Tag
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Mole
||\\//||
o Nasal Polyp
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Uterine Fibroids
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Endometriosis
||\\//||
,Malignant cells - correct answer✔✔indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tissues and result in death ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Malignant cell features - correct answer✔✔o Large nucleus ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Migration
||\\//||
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Loose adherence
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Rapid or continuous cell division
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Loss of cellular regulation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Seven warning signs of cancer - correct answer✔✔o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer development stages of malignancy - correct answer✔✔o Initiation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Promotion
||\\//||
o Progression
||\\//||
o Metastasis
||\\//||
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - correct answer✔✔Normal cells are damaged and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
irreversible
,Promotion - correct answer✔✔Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Progression - correct answer✔✔Increase in production of malignant cells ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Metastasis - correct answer✔✔Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - correct answer✔✔cancer development ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer classification - correct answer✔✔o Grading
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Ploidy
||\\//||
o Staging
||\\//||
o TNM
||\\//||
o Doubling time and mitotic index
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Grading - correct answer✔✔Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mutation of cancer cell from normal cells ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Ex. 1= No mutation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o 4= Severe mutation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Ploidy - correct answer✔✔Number of chromosomes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Staging - correct answer✔✔How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
TNM - correct answer✔✔o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Doubling time and mitotic index - correct answer✔✔Period of time required for that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Stage 1=Localized
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer prevention primary - correct answer✔✔o Sunscreen
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Avoid smoking
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Chemoprevention
||\\//||
o Vaccine (HPV)
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer prevention secondary - correct answer✔✔o Mammogram
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Pap smear
||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Prostate test
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cancer prevention tertiary - correct answer✔✔People who are already affected and getting
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
treatment (examples below) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
o Chemo
||\\//||
o Radiation
||\\//||
o Surgery, etc.
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Types of cancers - correct answer✔✔carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
blastoma
Carcinoma - correct answer✔✔malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
