PHIL 1010 Midterm Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update

PHIL 1010 Midterm Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update Argument - Answers a group of statements of which one (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (the premises). Statement - Answers A sentence that is either true or false. Premise - Answers The information intended to provide support for a conclusion. Conclusion - Answers The statement that is claimed to follow from the premises of an argument. Logic - Answers The study of reasoning. Truth value - Answers If a statement is true or false. Proposition - Answers The meaning of a statement. Inference - Answers Term used by logicians to refer to the reasoning process that is expresses by an argument. Conclusion Indicator - Answers Words or phrases that indicate the presence of a conclusion. Premise indicator - Answers Words and phrases that help us recognize arguments by indicating the presence of premises. Inferential claim - Answers If a passage expresses a reasoning process- that the conclusion follows from the premises- then we say that it makes an ______________ ___________ Explanation - Answers Provides reasons for why or how an event occurred. Are not arguments by themselves but can form part of one. Deductive arguement - Answers Argument in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows NECESSARILY from the premises. In other words, it is claimed that the premises make it IMPOSSIBLE for the conclusion to be false. Inductive arguement - Answers Argument in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion PROBABLE. Valid deductive arguement - Answers An argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is IMPOSSIBLE for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. Invalid deductive arguement - Answers An argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is POSSIBLE for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premises. Counterexample - Answers Evidence that shows the statement is false. Shows the possibility that the premises assumed to be true do not make the conclusion necessarily true. Shows that a deductive argument is invalid. Strong inductive arguement - Answers Argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true. In other words, if the premises are assumed to be true, then it is improbable that the conclusion is false. Weak inductive argument - Answers Argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is not probably true. Cogent argument - Answers Strong inductive argument with true premises. Uncogent argument - Answers Inductive argument that is weak and/or has at least one false premise. Term - Answers A single word or group of words that can be the subject of a statement; it can be a common name, a proper name, or even a descriptive phrase. Intension - Answers The ________ of a term is specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term connotes- in other words, its sense. Extension - Answers Class or collection of objects to which the term applies, or what the term denotes (its reference). Class - Answers A group of objects. Empty class - Answers A class that has zero members. Increasing intension - Answers In a sequence of terms where each term after the first connotes more attributes than the previous term. Decreasing intension - Answers In a sequence of terms where each term after the first connotes fewer attributes that the previous term. Decreasing intension - Answers In a sequence of terms were each term after the first connotes fewer attributes than the previous term. Increasing extension - Answers In a sequence of terms where each term after the first denotes a set of objects with more members than the previous term. Definition - Answers Assigns a meaning to a word, phrase, or symbol. Definiendum - Answers Refers to that which is being defined. Definiens - Answers Refers to that which does the defining. Intensional definition - Answers Assigns a meaning to a term by listing the properties or attributes that are denoted by the term. Synonymous definition - Answers Assigns a meaning to a term by providing another term with the same meaning; in other words, by providing a synonym. Operational definition - Answers Defines a term by specifying a measurement procedure Definition by genus and difference - Answers Assigns a meaning to a term (the species) by establishing a genus and combining it with the attribute that distinguishes the members of that species. Extensional definition - Answers Assigns meaning to a term by indicating the class members denoted by the term. Types of extensional definition - Answers Ostensive definitions , enumerative definitions, and definition by subclass Ostensive definition - Answers Involves demonstrating the term- for example, by pointing at a member of the class that the term denotes. Enumerative definition - Answers Assigns meaning to a term by naming the individual members of the class denoted by the term. subclass - Answers Assigns meaning to a term by naming subclasses (species) of the class denoted by the term is definition by _________ Stipulative definition - Answers Introduces a new meaning to a term or symbol. Lexical definition - Answers A definition based on the common use of a word, term, or symbol. Functional definition - Answers Specifies the purpose or use of the objects denoted by the term. Precising definition - Answers Reduces the vagueness and ambiguity of a term by providing a sharp focus, often a technical meaning, for a term. Theoretical definition - Answers Assigns a meaning to a term by providing an understanding of how the term fits into a general theory. Persuasive definition - Answers Assigns meaning to a term with the direct purpose of influencing attitudes or opinions. Cognitive meaning - Answers Language that is used to convey information has _______ meaning Emotive meaning - Answers Language that is used to express emotion or feelings has ______ meaning. Value claim - Answers A judgement that someone (or something) is good or bad, moral or immoral, or better or worse than another person (or thing). Factual dispute - Answers Occurs when people disagree on a matter that involves facts.