UOG PHIL 1010 Final Exam Review Questions with Verified Answers Latest Update

UOG PHIL 1010 Final Exam Review Questions with Verified Answers Latest Update Utilitarianism - Answers Account of human welfare or utility, Instruction to maximize utility, giving equal weight to each person's utility Distinction Between Standard of Rightness and Decision Procedure - Answers People should keep promises and respect rights. Should not be U-Agents using utilitarian calculations reasons for actions. Promises and rights should be of such importance that they are incurable to social interest calculations. Political Impact of Utilitarianism In Its Early Days vs Contemporary Society - Answers Early Days - practises were the product not reason, but of feudal superstition, progressive and reform minded, commitment to secularism and maximization (enhance rights of majority) Contemporary - surprisingly conformists, rights force majority to accept policies not in the interest of majority Rawl's Theory of Justice - Answers All social primary goods equally distributed, Remove inequalities which disadvantage others, Protect basic liberties. Original Position - Answers Equality as moral persons, No one knows their place in society (class, social position, fortune in terms of assets, abilities, intelligence, strengths and so on), Max-Min strategy. Primary Goods - Answers Certain things needed to pursue the ideal life. Social Primary Goods - directly distributed by social institutions (income, wealth) Natural Primary Goods - health, itelligence, vigour, imagination and natural talents, affected by social institutions but not distributed by them Dworkin's Insurance to Compensate For Inequalities of Natural Primary Goods - Answers They start off in the original position with equal resources. Everyone can choose how much of the resources to spend on insurance against having inequalities. Income tax would be used to pay out insurances, and everyone must buy it. Dworkin's Idea of an Auction To Distribute Social Primary Goods - Answers All resources are up for sale. Equal Purchasing Power. Bid for resources which best suit their lifestyle. Rerun if it does not work out. Everyone should prefer their bundle over another's (Envy Test). Each person pays for their choices. Nozick's Claim That Theory of Just Holdings Requires 3 Principles - Answers Transfer - what acquired can be justly acquired. Initial Acquisition - account of how people come initially to own things which can be transferred according to (one). Rectification of Injustice - how to deal with holdings if they were unjustly acquired or transferred. Why Distribution of Wealth is Unjust On Nozick's Theory - Answers Capitalists have no right to deprive workers of access to resources. Should redistribute wealth. Unjustly taken wealth from others. Skepticism About Morality - Answers Nothing right or wrong in people's actions. Better to refrain from harming others if others also refrain from harming me. No point to waste resources defending if we can be in stable cooperation. If actions rejected of moral status, moral constraints must be artificial, rest on advantageous conventions. Prisoner's Dilemma - Answers Not confessing is the collectively rational choice, while confessing is the individually rational choice. Morality As Enlightened Self-Interest - Answers Should be countersigned by morality as defined by mutually advantageous conventions. Ought to follow these conventions if others trusted to. Obligations before self-interest. Traditionalist groups and "the liberal view of rational revisability" - Answers For liberals, how should they deal with those who do not value autonomy (Traditionalists)? Rawls' political liberalism and how it addresses that conflict - Answers A strong right of individual freedom of conscience can protect smaller groups from being tormented by larger groups (applies to religious and political groups). The social thesis - Answers Its ideas include: Certain capacities that are distinctively human. One of these is the capacity to decide: to choose, on the basis of reasons, what to judge, or what to do (self-determination). The full development of these capacities (including self-determination) can take place only in a certain kind of society. Why shared commitment to liberal-democratic values isn't enough to hold a country together - Answers Minorities will often want self-governing rights and extra privileges simply because they are not a majority. Both minorities and majorities accept liberal-democratic values, but there is a power struggle between them. "Three broad approaches" to the problem of liberal-democratic values - Answers a common way of life, common nationhood, political participation. Shared Way of Life - Answers Everyone accepts and wants to live in one state. Accepts political decision making. Liberal Nationalism - Answers Idea of a single national community that share a common culture.