Pathophysiology Final Exam | NURS 231 / BIOD 331 –
Portage Learning | 2025/2026 Latest Edition | 100
Verified Questions with Correct Answers | Graded A+
The Pathophysiology Final Exam for NURS 231 / BIOD 331 (Portage Learning) assesses
students’ knowledge of disease mechanisms, cellular and systemic responses to injury, immune
dysfunction, cardiovascular and respiratory pathophysiology, renal/hepatic conditions,
endocrine disorders, and neurological system alterations. This updated 2025/2026 edition
provides carefully verified exam-based questions with correct answers and explanations,
ensuring accuracy and alignment with course objectives.
Overview
This comprehensive resource is designed to reinforce understanding of disease progression,
diagnostic markers, and physiological disruptions. Students preparing for the final exam will
gain insights into both acute and chronic pathophysiological conditions. Rated A+ for exam
accuracy and reliability.
Answer Format
Correct answers are highlighted in bold green. Each Q&A includes rationales to explain the
reasoning, ensuring mastery of pathophysiology principles.
1. What is the primary cause of cellular injury in hypoxia?
a) Increased ATP production
b) Lack of oxygen
c) Excessive glucose
d) High calcium levels
b) Lack of oxygen
Rationale: Hypoxia causes cellular injury by reducing oxygen availability, impairing ATP
production.
2. Which process is characteristic of apoptosis?
a) Uncontrolled cell division
b) Programmed cell death
c) Tissue inflammation
d) Cellular swelling
b) Programmed cell death
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled process of cell death to maintain tissue homeostasis.
3. What is a hallmark of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
a) Delayed immune response
,b) IgE-mediated response
c) Cytotoxic T-cell activation
d) Immune complex deposition
b) IgE-mediated response
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies triggering immediate allergic
reactions.
4. What is the primary cause of heart failure?
a) Increased cardiac output
b) Inability to pump sufficient blood
c) Decreased afterload
d) Reduced preload
b) Inability to pump sufficient blood
Rationale: Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot meet the body’s blood flow demands.
5. Which condition is associated with acute renal failure?
a) Increased glomerular filtration rate
b) Decreased urine output
c) Normal creatinine levels
d) Elevated potassium excretion
b) Decreased urine output
Rationale: Acute renal failure reduces urine output due to impaired kidney function.
6. What is a common symptom of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance
b) Polyuria
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Weight gain
b) Polyuria
Rationale: Polyuria results from excess glucose in urine, drawing water out in Type 1 diabetes.
7. What is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease?
a) Increased dopamine levels
b) Tremors at rest
c) Enhanced motor function
d) Memory loss
b) Tremors at rest
Rationale: Parkinson’s disease involves dopamine deficiency, causing resting tremors.
8. What is the primary source of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?
a) Bacterial infection
b) Autoimmune response
c) Physical trauma
d) Viral infection
b) Autoimmune response
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder targeting joint tissues.
, 9. Which process contributes to atherosclerosis?
a) Plaque buildup in arteries
b) Increased venous return
c) Reduced cholesterol levels
d) Enhanced vasodilation
a) Plaque buildup in arteries
Rationale: Atherosclerosis involves plaque accumulation, narrowing arteries.
10. What is a common cause of cirrhosis?
a) Chronic alcohol abuse
b) Acute viral infection
c) Increased bile production
d) Reduced liver enzyme activity
a) Chronic alcohol abuse
Rationale: Chronic alcohol abuse leads to liver scarring and cirrhosis.
11. What is a characteristic of necrosis?
a) Controlled cell death
b) Uncontrolled cell death
c) Increased ATP production
d) Programmed cell repair
b) Uncontrolled cell death
Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury or disease.
12. Which type of hypersensitivity involves immune complex deposition?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
c) Type III
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complexes causing tissue damage.
13. What is a primary symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
a) Increased lung compliance
b) Dyspnea
c) Normal airflow
d) Reduced mucus production
b) Dyspnea
Rationale: COPD causes airflow obstruction, leading to difficulty breathing (dyspnea).
14. What is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease?
a) Increased glomerular filtration rate
b) Elevated creatinine levels
c) Normal blood pressure
d) Decreased proteinuria
Portage Learning | 2025/2026 Latest Edition | 100
Verified Questions with Correct Answers | Graded A+
The Pathophysiology Final Exam for NURS 231 / BIOD 331 (Portage Learning) assesses
students’ knowledge of disease mechanisms, cellular and systemic responses to injury, immune
dysfunction, cardiovascular and respiratory pathophysiology, renal/hepatic conditions,
endocrine disorders, and neurological system alterations. This updated 2025/2026 edition
provides carefully verified exam-based questions with correct answers and explanations,
ensuring accuracy and alignment with course objectives.
Overview
This comprehensive resource is designed to reinforce understanding of disease progression,
diagnostic markers, and physiological disruptions. Students preparing for the final exam will
gain insights into both acute and chronic pathophysiological conditions. Rated A+ for exam
accuracy and reliability.
Answer Format
Correct answers are highlighted in bold green. Each Q&A includes rationales to explain the
reasoning, ensuring mastery of pathophysiology principles.
1. What is the primary cause of cellular injury in hypoxia?
a) Increased ATP production
b) Lack of oxygen
c) Excessive glucose
d) High calcium levels
b) Lack of oxygen
Rationale: Hypoxia causes cellular injury by reducing oxygen availability, impairing ATP
production.
2. Which process is characteristic of apoptosis?
a) Uncontrolled cell division
b) Programmed cell death
c) Tissue inflammation
d) Cellular swelling
b) Programmed cell death
Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled process of cell death to maintain tissue homeostasis.
3. What is a hallmark of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
a) Delayed immune response
,b) IgE-mediated response
c) Cytotoxic T-cell activation
d) Immune complex deposition
b) IgE-mediated response
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies triggering immediate allergic
reactions.
4. What is the primary cause of heart failure?
a) Increased cardiac output
b) Inability to pump sufficient blood
c) Decreased afterload
d) Reduced preload
b) Inability to pump sufficient blood
Rationale: Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot meet the body’s blood flow demands.
5. Which condition is associated with acute renal failure?
a) Increased glomerular filtration rate
b) Decreased urine output
c) Normal creatinine levels
d) Elevated potassium excretion
b) Decreased urine output
Rationale: Acute renal failure reduces urine output due to impaired kidney function.
6. What is a common symptom of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance
b) Polyuria
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Weight gain
b) Polyuria
Rationale: Polyuria results from excess glucose in urine, drawing water out in Type 1 diabetes.
7. What is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease?
a) Increased dopamine levels
b) Tremors at rest
c) Enhanced motor function
d) Memory loss
b) Tremors at rest
Rationale: Parkinson’s disease involves dopamine deficiency, causing resting tremors.
8. What is the primary source of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?
a) Bacterial infection
b) Autoimmune response
c) Physical trauma
d) Viral infection
b) Autoimmune response
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder targeting joint tissues.
, 9. Which process contributes to atherosclerosis?
a) Plaque buildup in arteries
b) Increased venous return
c) Reduced cholesterol levels
d) Enhanced vasodilation
a) Plaque buildup in arteries
Rationale: Atherosclerosis involves plaque accumulation, narrowing arteries.
10. What is a common cause of cirrhosis?
a) Chronic alcohol abuse
b) Acute viral infection
c) Increased bile production
d) Reduced liver enzyme activity
a) Chronic alcohol abuse
Rationale: Chronic alcohol abuse leads to liver scarring and cirrhosis.
11. What is a characteristic of necrosis?
a) Controlled cell death
b) Uncontrolled cell death
c) Increased ATP production
d) Programmed cell repair
b) Uncontrolled cell death
Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury or disease.
12. Which type of hypersensitivity involves immune complex deposition?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
c) Type III
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complexes causing tissue damage.
13. What is a primary symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
a) Increased lung compliance
b) Dyspnea
c) Normal airflow
d) Reduced mucus production
b) Dyspnea
Rationale: COPD causes airflow obstruction, leading to difficulty breathing (dyspnea).
14. What is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease?
a) Increased glomerular filtration rate
b) Elevated creatinine levels
c) Normal blood pressure
d) Decreased proteinuria
