Biochemistry
Study Guide
Authored by a Biochemistry Professor
MINERALS
,High-Yield Biochemistry Study Guide
For Doctors and Medical Students
Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Zeynep Caliskan, Department of Medical
Biochemistry
Copyright © 2025
This book was prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr Zeynep Caliskan. All
rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written
permission of the author.
Disclaimer
This study guide has been prepared solely for educational and
academic purposes. The content is based on standard medical
textbooks and is not intended to replace clinical judgment or
professional medical advice. Students are advised to consult
qualified healthcare professionals in real clinical settings.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues, fellow
academics, and especially my students, whose curiosity and
dedication to learning have been a constant source of motivation.
, T A B L E O F
Contents
Minerals
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride 2
Calcium and Phosphate 7
Magnesium 12
Iron 15
Iodine 20
Fluoride 23
Zinc 27
Copper 32
Selenium 37
Other trace elements 42
Multiple Choice Questions 44
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 47
, Mineral Major Source Function
Macroelements (daily requirement> 100 mg)
Osmoregulation, membrane potential, mineral
Na Table salt
metabolism
K Vegetables, fruit, cereals Membrane potential, mineral metabolism
Ca Milk, milk products Bone formation, blood clotting, signal molecule
Mg Green vegetables Bone formation, cofactor for enzymes
Cl Table salt Mineral metabolism
Bone formation, energy metabolism, nucleic acid
P Meat, milk, cereals, vegetables
metabolism
S-containing amino acids (Cys and Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, conjugate
S
Met) formation
Microelements (trace elements)
Meat, liver, eggs, vegetables, Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, Fe/S
Fe
potatoes, cereals clusters
Zn Meat, liver, cereals Zinc enzymes
Mn Found in many foodstuffs Enzymes
Cu Meat, vegetables, fruit, fish Oxidases
Co Meat Vitamin B12
Mo Cereals, nuts, legumes Redox enzymes
Se Vegetables, meat Selenium enzymes
Seafood, iodized salt, drinking
I Thyroxin
water
Drinking water (fluoridated), tea,
F Bones, dental enamel
milk
1
Study Guide
Authored by a Biochemistry Professor
MINERALS
,High-Yield Biochemistry Study Guide
For Doctors and Medical Students
Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Zeynep Caliskan, Department of Medical
Biochemistry
Copyright © 2025
This book was prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr Zeynep Caliskan. All
rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written
permission of the author.
Disclaimer
This study guide has been prepared solely for educational and
academic purposes. The content is based on standard medical
textbooks and is not intended to replace clinical judgment or
professional medical advice. Students are advised to consult
qualified healthcare professionals in real clinical settings.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues, fellow
academics, and especially my students, whose curiosity and
dedication to learning have been a constant source of motivation.
, T A B L E O F
Contents
Minerals
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride 2
Calcium and Phosphate 7
Magnesium 12
Iron 15
Iodine 20
Fluoride 23
Zinc 27
Copper 32
Selenium 37
Other trace elements 42
Multiple Choice Questions 44
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 47
, Mineral Major Source Function
Macroelements (daily requirement> 100 mg)
Osmoregulation, membrane potential, mineral
Na Table salt
metabolism
K Vegetables, fruit, cereals Membrane potential, mineral metabolism
Ca Milk, milk products Bone formation, blood clotting, signal molecule
Mg Green vegetables Bone formation, cofactor for enzymes
Cl Table salt Mineral metabolism
Bone formation, energy metabolism, nucleic acid
P Meat, milk, cereals, vegetables
metabolism
S-containing amino acids (Cys and Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, conjugate
S
Met) formation
Microelements (trace elements)
Meat, liver, eggs, vegetables, Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, Fe/S
Fe
potatoes, cereals clusters
Zn Meat, liver, cereals Zinc enzymes
Mn Found in many foodstuffs Enzymes
Cu Meat, vegetables, fruit, fish Oxidases
Co Meat Vitamin B12
Mo Cereals, nuts, legumes Redox enzymes
Se Vegetables, meat Selenium enzymes
Seafood, iodized salt, drinking
I Thyroxin
water
Drinking water (fluoridated), tea,
F Bones, dental enamel
milk
1
