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NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM AND TEST BANK COMPLETE
155 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES 2025/2026 GRADED A+
What is an aneuploid cell? - ......ANSWER........those that do not contain a multiple of 23
chromosomes
What is an example of an age-dependent penetrance? - ......ANSWER........Huntington
disease
What is demonstrated when twins age? what does this cause? - ......ANSWER........1- they
demonstrate increasing differences in methylation patterns of their DNA sequences
causing increased numbers in phenotype differences
What is Huntington's disease and what are the main features? - ......ANSWER........1-A
well-known autosomal dominant condition
2- progressive dementia and increasingly uncontrollable movements of the limbs
What is hyperplasia? - ......ANSWER........increase in the number of cells
What is hypertrophy? - ......ANSWER........increase in cell size
What is Incomplete Penetrance? - ......ANSWER........individuals who have a disease-
causing allele may not exhibit that expected phenotype at all, even though the allele and
the associated disease may be transmitted to the next generation
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What is ionizing radiation (IR)? - ......ANSWER........any form of radiation capable of
removing orbital electrons from atoms.
What is ionizing radiation emitted from? - ......ANSWER........x-rays, y-rays, alpha and beta
particles, subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and prions
WEAR A LEAD APRON
What is metaplasia? - ......ANSWER........replacement of the cells
What are mitochondria responsible for? - ......ANSWER........cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism, and energy production
What is oncotic pressure heavily influenced by? - ......ANSWER........plasma proteins
What is oncotic pressure? - ......ANSWER........aka colloidal osmotic pressure- it is
pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in the blood vessels plasma that tends to
pull water into the circulatory system
What is pathologic atrophy? - ......ANSWER........occurs because of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and a pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
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What is physiologic atrophy? - ......ANSWER........occurs in early development. ex: thymus
gland during childhood
What is renin? - ......ANSWER........an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the
kidney that promotes the production of the protein angiotensin.
What is sarcopenia? - ......ANSWER........muscular atrophy: degenerative skeletal muscle
loss
how fast it happens depends on nature/nurture
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and heart)
- ......ANSWER........hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - ......ANSWER........ischemia
What is the chance of a lifetime risk of developing breast cancer for women who inherit the
BRACA1 or BRACA2 gene? - ......ANSWER........50-80%
What is the compensatory response of resp acidosis? - ......ANSWER........increased HCO3
retention by kidneys
NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM AND TEST BANK COMPLETE
155 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES 2025/2026 GRADED A+
What is an aneuploid cell? - ......ANSWER........those that do not contain a multiple of 23
chromosomes
What is an example of an age-dependent penetrance? - ......ANSWER........Huntington
disease
What is demonstrated when twins age? what does this cause? - ......ANSWER........1- they
demonstrate increasing differences in methylation patterns of their DNA sequences
causing increased numbers in phenotype differences
What is Huntington's disease and what are the main features? - ......ANSWER........1-A
well-known autosomal dominant condition
2- progressive dementia and increasingly uncontrollable movements of the limbs
What is hyperplasia? - ......ANSWER........increase in the number of cells
What is hypertrophy? - ......ANSWER........increase in cell size
What is Incomplete Penetrance? - ......ANSWER........individuals who have a disease-
causing allele may not exhibit that expected phenotype at all, even though the allele and
the associated disease may be transmitted to the next generation
,2 of 26
What is ionizing radiation (IR)? - ......ANSWER........any form of radiation capable of
removing orbital electrons from atoms.
What is ionizing radiation emitted from? - ......ANSWER........x-rays, y-rays, alpha and beta
particles, subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and prions
WEAR A LEAD APRON
What is metaplasia? - ......ANSWER........replacement of the cells
What are mitochondria responsible for? - ......ANSWER........cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism, and energy production
What is oncotic pressure heavily influenced by? - ......ANSWER........plasma proteins
What is oncotic pressure? - ......ANSWER........aka colloidal osmotic pressure- it is
pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in the blood vessels plasma that tends to
pull water into the circulatory system
What is pathologic atrophy? - ......ANSWER........occurs because of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and a pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
, 3 of 26
What is physiologic atrophy? - ......ANSWER........occurs in early development. ex: thymus
gland during childhood
What is renin? - ......ANSWER........an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the
kidney that promotes the production of the protein angiotensin.
What is sarcopenia? - ......ANSWER........muscular atrophy: degenerative skeletal muscle
loss
how fast it happens depends on nature/nurture
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and heart)
- ......ANSWER........hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - ......ANSWER........ischemia
What is the chance of a lifetime risk of developing breast cancer for women who inherit the
BRACA1 or BRACA2 gene? - ......ANSWER........50-80%
What is the compensatory response of resp acidosis? - ......ANSWER........increased HCO3
retention by kidneys
