1
SOLUTION MANUAL
bb
American Government: Political
bb bb
Development and Institutional Change
bb bb bb
12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
b b b b b b b b b
, 2
TABLE bbOF bbCONTENTS
1. Chapter bb1 bbThe bbOrigins bbof bbAmerican bbPolitical bbPrinciples
2. Chapter bb2 bbThe bbRevolution bband bbthe bbConstitution
3. Chapter bb3 bbFederalism bband bbAmerican bbPolitical bbDevelopment
4. Chapter bb4 bbPolitical bbSocialization bband bbPublic bbOpinion
5. Chapter bb5 bbThe bbMass bbMedia bband bbthe bbPolitical bbAgenda
6. Chapter bb6 bbInterest bbGroups: bbThe bbPolitics bbof bbInfluence
7. Chapter bb7 bbPolitical bbParties: bbWinning bbthe bbRight bbto bbGovern
8. Chapter bb8 bbVoting, bbCampaigns, bband bbElections
9. Chapter bb9 bbCongress: bbPartisanship, bbPolarization, bband bbGridlock
10. Chapter bb10 bbThe bbPresident: bbExecutive bbPower bbin bba bbSeparation bbof bb Powers bbRegime
11. Chapter bb11 bbBureaucracy: bbRedesigning bbGovernment bbfor bbthe bbTwenty-First bbCentury
12. Chapter bb12 bbThe bbFederal bbCourts: bbActivism bbversus bbRestraint
13. Chapter bb13 bbCivil bbLiberties: bbOrdered bbLiberty bbin bbAmerica
14. Chapter bb14 bbCivil bbRights: bbWhere bbLiberty bband bbEquality bbCollide
15. Chapter bb15 bbGovernment, bbThe bbEconomy, bband bbDomestic bbPolicy
16. Chapter bb16 bbAmerica’s bbGlobal bbRole bbin bbthe bbTwenty-First bbCentury
, 3
Chapter bb1
THE bbORIGINS bbOF bbAMERICAN bbPOLITICAL bbPRINCIPLES
FOCUS bbQUESTIONS
Q1 What bbare bbthe bbbroad bbpurposes bbof bbgovernment?
A1 The bbancients bbbelieved bbthe bbrole bbof bbgovernment bband bbpolitics bbwas bbto bbfoster
bbhuman b b excellence. bbHowever, bbit bbis bbimperative bbto bbremember bbthat bbthe
bbGreeks bband bbRomans b b believed bbthe bbvirtuous bbshould bbrule bbaccording bbto
bbnatural bblaw. bbFurthermore, bbvaluesof b b equality bband bborder bbwould bbbe bbserved
bbthrough bba bbsociety bbbased bbupon bbthe bbrule bboflaw bbto b b provide bbfor bbthe
bbcommon bbgood. bbIn bbthe bbMiddle bbAges, bbgovernment bbwas bb largely bbused b b to
bbfacilitate bbreligion bband bbmaintained bbthe bbneed bbfor bbthe bbindividual bbto bb live bba
bbproper bblife b b in bbthe bbservice bbof bbGod. bbThe bbrole bbof bbgovernment bbchanged bbin
bbthe bb early bbsixteenth b b century bbby bbdownplaying bbthe bbrole bbof bbreligion bbwhile
bbalternatively bb promoting bbthe bbrole b b of bblimited bbgovernment bbto bbprotect
bbprivate bbproperty bband bb individual bbrights.
Q2 How bbshould bbgovernment bbbe bbdesigned bbto bbachieve bbits bbpurposes?
A2 According bbto bbPlato bbthe bbphilosopher-king’s bbwisdom bband bbintellect bbwould
bbpromote b b order, bbstability bband bbjustice. bbYet, bbAristotle bbtakes bba bbmore bbrealistic
bbview bbof bbAthenian b b society bbby bbadvocating bbthe bbbest bbform bbof bbgovernment
bbas bba bbpolity, bbwhich bbcombined b b oligarchic bband bbdemocratic bbelements bbto
bbproduce bbpolitical bbstability. bbThe bbRomans b b combined bbmonarchical, bbaristocratic,
bband bbdemocratic bbprinciples bbas bba bbmixed b b government bbwithin bbrepresentative
bbbodies bblike bbthe bbSenate bband bbthe bbAssembly bbin bb order b b to bbchampion bbthe
bbcauses bbof bbboth bbthe bbrich bband bbthe bbpoor. bbGovernment bbin bbtheMiddle b b Ages
bbwas bbdetermined bbthrough bbdivine bbright, bbwhereby bba bbmonarch bbor bbPope bb was
b b ordained bbby bbGod bbto bbrule. bbHence, bbwisdom bband bbvirtue bbrested bbwithin bbthese
bbfew b b individuals bbwho bbgoverned bbto bbpromote bbreligious bblife bband bbprotect bbthe
bbreligious b b establishment. bbThe bbRenaissance, bbProtestant bbReformation, bband
bbEnlightenment b b Periods bbshifted bbthe bbrole bbof bbgovernment bbfrom bbupholding
bbreligious bbdoctrine bbto bb secular b b concerns, bbsuch bbas bbprotecting bbinalienable
bbrights, bbincluding bbprivate bb property, bband b b promoting bbcommerce. bbIn bbturn,
bbEnlightenment bbpolitical
© bb2023 bbTaylor bb& bbFrancis
, 4
philosophers bblargely bbappealed bbto bbindividualism bband bbnot bbreligious bbhierarchy
bbas bbameans b b to bbprovide bborder bband bbstability bbin bbwhich bbindividuals bbcould
bbflourish.
Q3 What bblessons bbabout bbgovernment bbdid bbcolonial bbAmericans bbdraw bbfrom bbthe bbhistory
bbofancient bbGreece bb and b b Rome?
A3 Plato bbwas bbsuspicious bbof bbdemocracy’s bbrule bbof bbthe bbmany bbbecause bbgood
bbgovernment b b would bbdecay bbinto bbmob bbrule. bbHence, bbthe bbpassions bbof bbthe
bbmasses bbneeded bbto bbbe bb quelled b b by bbmore bbaristocratic bbelements. bbWith bbthis
bbproblem bbin bbmind, bbthe bbFramers bbofthe bbU.S. b b Constitution bbreferenced bbthe
bbinstitutional bbdesign bbof bbthe bbRoman bbrepublic bbadhered bbto b b the bbtradition bbof
bbmixed bbgovernment bbinitially bbexpounded bbby bbAristotle bb and bbthe bbRomans. b b This
bbwas bbmaintained bbin bbthe bbindirect bbselection bbof bbboth bbthe bbSenateand bbthe
bbpresidency b b within bbthe bbConstitution. bbAristotle bbalso bbadvocated bbmixing
bb aristocratic bband bbdemocratic b b elements bbin bba bbgoverning bbstructure bbcalled bba
bbpolity. bbIn bbeffect, bbthis bbgovernmental bbdesign b b allowed bbthe bbfew bband bbthe
bbmany bbto bbparticipate bbin bbthe bbpolitics bbproviding bban bborderly b b society bbwhere
bbthe bbpoor bbshould bbbe bbable bbto bbselect bb government bbofficials bbwho bbwere bbheld
b b accountable. bbThis bbwas bbalso bbmade bbmanifest bbinthe bbConstitution bbwith bbits
bbaristocratic-like b b Senate bband bbthe bbmore bbdemocratic bbHouse bb of
bbRepresentatives. bbThus bbthe bbAmerican b b republic’s bbConstitution bbestablished
bb institutional bbpowers bbto bbgovern bbaccording bbto bbthe b b rule bbof bblaw. bbWhile bbthe
bbFramers bbrejected bbthe bbreligious bbhierarchy bbof bbthe bbMiddle bbAges, b b they
bbappealed bbto bbinalienable bbrights bbendowed bbupon bbevery bbindividual bbby bbGod,
bbper bbthe b b writings bbof bbJohn bbLocke, bbin bbwhich bba bbjust bbgovernment bband bbsociety
bbcould bbnot bbbe b b impeded.
Q4 What bbcircumstances bbled bbEuropeans bbto bbleave bbtheir bbhomelands bbto bbsettle bbin bbAmerica?
A4 Individuals bbimmigrated bbto bbthe bbcolonies bbto bbescape bbreligious bbpersecution bband
bbcivil b b unrest bbafter bbthe bbEnglish bbCivil bbWar bband bbto bbpursue bbsocial bband
bbeconomic bb opportunities. b b Colonists bbenjoyed bba bbvast bbarray bbof bbnatural
bbresources bband bba bblarge bb geographical bbarea b b where bbfreedom bbof bbreligion
bband bbeconomic bbopportunity bb flourished. bbAlso, bbtheir b b heterogeneous bbsocial
bbcomposition bbas bbwell bbas bbcontinual bb promotion bbof bbideals, bbsuch bbas b b equality
bband bbtolerance, bbtended bbto bbpromote bbpolitical bbfreedom bbat bbthe bbsame bbtime bbthat
b b social bbexpansion bbof bbthe bbpopulation bbwas bboccurring.
Q5 What bbdid bbdemocracy bbmean bbto bbour bbcolonial bbancestors, bband bbdid bbthey bbapprove bbit?
A5 The bbcolonists bbwere bbskeptical bbof bbdemocracy bband bbviewed bbthis bbtype bbof
bb governing b b authority bbas bbmob bbrule. bbSociety bbwas bblargely bbseen bbas
bbsegmented bbinto bbthose bbwho bb should b b rule bband bbthose bbwho bbshould bbnot. bbIn
bbfact, bbthe bbFounders bbbelieved bbthat bbthe bb elite bb(well- b b educated, bbland bbowners)
bbshould bboccupy bbpositions bbof bbleadership. bbThus, bb an bbaristocratic b b element
bbwithin bbgovernment bbwas bbnecessary bbto bbprotect bbagainst bbthethreat bbof bbmob bbrule
b b historically bbassociated bbwith bbdemocracy. bbFundamentally, bbthe bbidea bbof
bbrepublicanism b b was bbpromoted bbas bban bbideal bbat bba bbhigher bblevel bbthan
bb democracy. bbThis bbwas bbmade bbmost b b manifest bbin bbthe bbtendency bbto bbprefer
bbmixed
© bb2023 bbTaylor bb&
bbFrancis
SOLUTION MANUAL
bb
American Government: Political
bb bb
Development and Institutional Change
bb bb bb
12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
b b b b b b b b b
, 2
TABLE bbOF bbCONTENTS
1. Chapter bb1 bbThe bbOrigins bbof bbAmerican bbPolitical bbPrinciples
2. Chapter bb2 bbThe bbRevolution bband bbthe bbConstitution
3. Chapter bb3 bbFederalism bband bbAmerican bbPolitical bbDevelopment
4. Chapter bb4 bbPolitical bbSocialization bband bbPublic bbOpinion
5. Chapter bb5 bbThe bbMass bbMedia bband bbthe bbPolitical bbAgenda
6. Chapter bb6 bbInterest bbGroups: bbThe bbPolitics bbof bbInfluence
7. Chapter bb7 bbPolitical bbParties: bbWinning bbthe bbRight bbto bbGovern
8. Chapter bb8 bbVoting, bbCampaigns, bband bbElections
9. Chapter bb9 bbCongress: bbPartisanship, bbPolarization, bband bbGridlock
10. Chapter bb10 bbThe bbPresident: bbExecutive bbPower bbin bba bbSeparation bbof bb Powers bbRegime
11. Chapter bb11 bbBureaucracy: bbRedesigning bbGovernment bbfor bbthe bbTwenty-First bbCentury
12. Chapter bb12 bbThe bbFederal bbCourts: bbActivism bbversus bbRestraint
13. Chapter bb13 bbCivil bbLiberties: bbOrdered bbLiberty bbin bbAmerica
14. Chapter bb14 bbCivil bbRights: bbWhere bbLiberty bband bbEquality bbCollide
15. Chapter bb15 bbGovernment, bbThe bbEconomy, bband bbDomestic bbPolicy
16. Chapter bb16 bbAmerica’s bbGlobal bbRole bbin bbthe bbTwenty-First bbCentury
, 3
Chapter bb1
THE bbORIGINS bbOF bbAMERICAN bbPOLITICAL bbPRINCIPLES
FOCUS bbQUESTIONS
Q1 What bbare bbthe bbbroad bbpurposes bbof bbgovernment?
A1 The bbancients bbbelieved bbthe bbrole bbof bbgovernment bband bbpolitics bbwas bbto bbfoster
bbhuman b b excellence. bbHowever, bbit bbis bbimperative bbto bbremember bbthat bbthe
bbGreeks bband bbRomans b b believed bbthe bbvirtuous bbshould bbrule bbaccording bbto
bbnatural bblaw. bbFurthermore, bbvaluesof b b equality bband bborder bbwould bbbe bbserved
bbthrough bba bbsociety bbbased bbupon bbthe bbrule bboflaw bbto b b provide bbfor bbthe
bbcommon bbgood. bbIn bbthe bbMiddle bbAges, bbgovernment bbwas bb largely bbused b b to
bbfacilitate bbreligion bband bbmaintained bbthe bbneed bbfor bbthe bbindividual bbto bb live bba
bbproper bblife b b in bbthe bbservice bbof bbGod. bbThe bbrole bbof bbgovernment bbchanged bbin
bbthe bb early bbsixteenth b b century bbby bbdownplaying bbthe bbrole bbof bbreligion bbwhile
bbalternatively bb promoting bbthe bbrole b b of bblimited bbgovernment bbto bbprotect
bbprivate bbproperty bband bb individual bbrights.
Q2 How bbshould bbgovernment bbbe bbdesigned bbto bbachieve bbits bbpurposes?
A2 According bbto bbPlato bbthe bbphilosopher-king’s bbwisdom bband bbintellect bbwould
bbpromote b b order, bbstability bband bbjustice. bbYet, bbAristotle bbtakes bba bbmore bbrealistic
bbview bbof bbAthenian b b society bbby bbadvocating bbthe bbbest bbform bbof bbgovernment
bbas bba bbpolity, bbwhich bbcombined b b oligarchic bband bbdemocratic bbelements bbto
bbproduce bbpolitical bbstability. bbThe bbRomans b b combined bbmonarchical, bbaristocratic,
bband bbdemocratic bbprinciples bbas bba bbmixed b b government bbwithin bbrepresentative
bbbodies bblike bbthe bbSenate bband bbthe bbAssembly bbin bb order b b to bbchampion bbthe
bbcauses bbof bbboth bbthe bbrich bband bbthe bbpoor. bbGovernment bbin bbtheMiddle b b Ages
bbwas bbdetermined bbthrough bbdivine bbright, bbwhereby bba bbmonarch bbor bbPope bb was
b b ordained bbby bbGod bbto bbrule. bbHence, bbwisdom bband bbvirtue bbrested bbwithin bbthese
bbfew b b individuals bbwho bbgoverned bbto bbpromote bbreligious bblife bband bbprotect bbthe
bbreligious b b establishment. bbThe bbRenaissance, bbProtestant bbReformation, bband
bbEnlightenment b b Periods bbshifted bbthe bbrole bbof bbgovernment bbfrom bbupholding
bbreligious bbdoctrine bbto bb secular b b concerns, bbsuch bbas bbprotecting bbinalienable
bbrights, bbincluding bbprivate bb property, bband b b promoting bbcommerce. bbIn bbturn,
bbEnlightenment bbpolitical
© bb2023 bbTaylor bb& bbFrancis
, 4
philosophers bblargely bbappealed bbto bbindividualism bband bbnot bbreligious bbhierarchy
bbas bbameans b b to bbprovide bborder bband bbstability bbin bbwhich bbindividuals bbcould
bbflourish.
Q3 What bblessons bbabout bbgovernment bbdid bbcolonial bbAmericans bbdraw bbfrom bbthe bbhistory
bbofancient bbGreece bb and b b Rome?
A3 Plato bbwas bbsuspicious bbof bbdemocracy’s bbrule bbof bbthe bbmany bbbecause bbgood
bbgovernment b b would bbdecay bbinto bbmob bbrule. bbHence, bbthe bbpassions bbof bbthe
bbmasses bbneeded bbto bbbe bb quelled b b by bbmore bbaristocratic bbelements. bbWith bbthis
bbproblem bbin bbmind, bbthe bbFramers bbofthe bbU.S. b b Constitution bbreferenced bbthe
bbinstitutional bbdesign bbof bbthe bbRoman bbrepublic bbadhered bbto b b the bbtradition bbof
bbmixed bbgovernment bbinitially bbexpounded bbby bbAristotle bb and bbthe bbRomans. b b This
bbwas bbmaintained bbin bbthe bbindirect bbselection bbof bbboth bbthe bbSenateand bbthe
bbpresidency b b within bbthe bbConstitution. bbAristotle bbalso bbadvocated bbmixing
bb aristocratic bband bbdemocratic b b elements bbin bba bbgoverning bbstructure bbcalled bba
bbpolity. bbIn bbeffect, bbthis bbgovernmental bbdesign b b allowed bbthe bbfew bband bbthe
bbmany bbto bbparticipate bbin bbthe bbpolitics bbproviding bban bborderly b b society bbwhere
bbthe bbpoor bbshould bbbe bbable bbto bbselect bb government bbofficials bbwho bbwere bbheld
b b accountable. bbThis bbwas bbalso bbmade bbmanifest bbinthe bbConstitution bbwith bbits
bbaristocratic-like b b Senate bband bbthe bbmore bbdemocratic bbHouse bb of
bbRepresentatives. bbThus bbthe bbAmerican b b republic’s bbConstitution bbestablished
bb institutional bbpowers bbto bbgovern bbaccording bbto bbthe b b rule bbof bblaw. bbWhile bbthe
bbFramers bbrejected bbthe bbreligious bbhierarchy bbof bbthe bbMiddle bbAges, b b they
bbappealed bbto bbinalienable bbrights bbendowed bbupon bbevery bbindividual bbby bbGod,
bbper bbthe b b writings bbof bbJohn bbLocke, bbin bbwhich bba bbjust bbgovernment bband bbsociety
bbcould bbnot bbbe b b impeded.
Q4 What bbcircumstances bbled bbEuropeans bbto bbleave bbtheir bbhomelands bbto bbsettle bbin bbAmerica?
A4 Individuals bbimmigrated bbto bbthe bbcolonies bbto bbescape bbreligious bbpersecution bband
bbcivil b b unrest bbafter bbthe bbEnglish bbCivil bbWar bband bbto bbpursue bbsocial bband
bbeconomic bb opportunities. b b Colonists bbenjoyed bba bbvast bbarray bbof bbnatural
bbresources bband bba bblarge bb geographical bbarea b b where bbfreedom bbof bbreligion
bband bbeconomic bbopportunity bb flourished. bbAlso, bbtheir b b heterogeneous bbsocial
bbcomposition bbas bbwell bbas bbcontinual bb promotion bbof bbideals, bbsuch bbas b b equality
bband bbtolerance, bbtended bbto bbpromote bbpolitical bbfreedom bbat bbthe bbsame bbtime bbthat
b b social bbexpansion bbof bbthe bbpopulation bbwas bboccurring.
Q5 What bbdid bbdemocracy bbmean bbto bbour bbcolonial bbancestors, bband bbdid bbthey bbapprove bbit?
A5 The bbcolonists bbwere bbskeptical bbof bbdemocracy bband bbviewed bbthis bbtype bbof
bb governing b b authority bbas bbmob bbrule. bbSociety bbwas bblargely bbseen bbas
bbsegmented bbinto bbthose bbwho bb should b b rule bband bbthose bbwho bbshould bbnot. bbIn
bbfact, bbthe bbFounders bbbelieved bbthat bbthe bb elite bb(well- b b educated, bbland bbowners)
bbshould bboccupy bbpositions bbof bbleadership. bbThus, bb an bbaristocratic b b element
bbwithin bbgovernment bbwas bbnecessary bbto bbprotect bbagainst bbthethreat bbof bbmob bbrule
b b historically bbassociated bbwith bbdemocracy. bbFundamentally, bbthe bbidea bbof
bbrepublicanism b b was bbpromoted bbas bban bbideal bbat bba bbhigher bblevel bbthan
bb democracy. bbThis bbwas bbmade bbmost b b manifest bbin bbthe bbtendency bbto bbprefer
bbmixed
© bb2023 bbTaylor bb&
bbFrancis
