Anterior longitudinal ligament: extends from occipital bone to sacrum: stabilizes and helps prevent
hypertension of the back.
Posterior longitudinal ligament: extends from C2 to sacrum: helps limit hypertension and reinforces discs:
narrower and weaker than anterior.
Ligamentam Flavum: shock absorber, allows for movement, allows for rotation of vertebral column.
Intervertebral discs:
• annulus fibrosis: outer fibrocartilage that creates
strong bond between vertebraeand allowsfor movement.
• nucleus pulposus: shock absorber, allows for movement,
allows for rotation of vertebral column.
appendicular muscles: muscles that move the upper and lower limbs as well as novels stabilize the
pectoral and pelvic girdles.
trapezius: origin occipital bone. Innervation accessory N.
insertion clavicle. Function elevate, retract, rotate scapula
Levator scapulae: elevate scapula and bends neck.
Rhomboid Major: origin thoracic vertebrae. Innervation dorsal scapular N.
insertion scapula. Function elevate, retract, inferiorly rotate scapula
rhomboid minor: elevate, retract, inferiorly rotate scapula
Latissimus Dorsi: origin thoracic vertebrae. Innervation thoracodorsal N.
insertion humerus. Function extension,adductor, medial rotation
deltoid: Innervated by the axillary N / abducts, laterally rotates, extension, medial rotation, flexio
Teres major: abducts, medially rotates arm
Teres minor: origin scapula. Innervation axillary N.
insertion humerus. Function lateral rotation of arm
Infraspinatus: innervated by subscapular N. / adducts and laterally rotates arm
supraspinatus: origin scapula. Innervation subscapular N.
Insertion humerus. Function abducts arm
Subscapularis: origin scapula. Innervation subscapular N.
Insertion humerus. Function medially rotates arm
serratus anterior: origin scapula. Innervation long thoracic N.
Insertion ribs. Function agonist in scapula protraction, superiority rotates scapula
, Serratus posterior inferior: depresses ribs
Serratus posterior superior: elevates ribs
Levator costarum: elevates the ribs
Intrinsic back muscles: start & stop & move the back
A. Erector spinae muscles: extension of the back
Iliocostalis lumborum Longissimus thoracis Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Spinalis cervicis
Iliocostalis capitis Longissimus capitis Spinalis capitis
B. Transversospinalis Group: Extension, rotation of the spine and torso
Semispinalis thoracis Multifidus Rotatores
Semispinalis cervicis
Semispinalis capitis
intertransversarii: lateral flexion
Interspinalis: extends back
Seplenius muscles: bondage muscles that originate on vertebrae and insert on the skull
Splenius capitis: origin occipital bone Innervation cervical spinal N.
Insertion ligamentum nuchae Function extend/flex the head
Splenius cervicis: inserts on the transverse process of C1-C3/extends neck
Suboccipital Region
Oblique capitis superior
Oblique capitis inferior
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Suboccipital N. (C1)
Greater occipital N. (C2)
Occipital artery
Muscles of the gluteal region:
Gluteus Maximus: origin iliac crest Innervation inferior gluteal N.
Insertion femur Function extend, laterally rotate thigh
Gluteus Medius: origin iliac crest Innervation superior gluteal N.
Insertion femur Function abduct, medially rotate thigh
hypertension of the back.
Posterior longitudinal ligament: extends from C2 to sacrum: helps limit hypertension and reinforces discs:
narrower and weaker than anterior.
Ligamentam Flavum: shock absorber, allows for movement, allows for rotation of vertebral column.
Intervertebral discs:
• annulus fibrosis: outer fibrocartilage that creates
strong bond between vertebraeand allowsfor movement.
• nucleus pulposus: shock absorber, allows for movement,
allows for rotation of vertebral column.
appendicular muscles: muscles that move the upper and lower limbs as well as novels stabilize the
pectoral and pelvic girdles.
trapezius: origin occipital bone. Innervation accessory N.
insertion clavicle. Function elevate, retract, rotate scapula
Levator scapulae: elevate scapula and bends neck.
Rhomboid Major: origin thoracic vertebrae. Innervation dorsal scapular N.
insertion scapula. Function elevate, retract, inferiorly rotate scapula
rhomboid minor: elevate, retract, inferiorly rotate scapula
Latissimus Dorsi: origin thoracic vertebrae. Innervation thoracodorsal N.
insertion humerus. Function extension,adductor, medial rotation
deltoid: Innervated by the axillary N / abducts, laterally rotates, extension, medial rotation, flexio
Teres major: abducts, medially rotates arm
Teres minor: origin scapula. Innervation axillary N.
insertion humerus. Function lateral rotation of arm
Infraspinatus: innervated by subscapular N. / adducts and laterally rotates arm
supraspinatus: origin scapula. Innervation subscapular N.
Insertion humerus. Function abducts arm
Subscapularis: origin scapula. Innervation subscapular N.
Insertion humerus. Function medially rotates arm
serratus anterior: origin scapula. Innervation long thoracic N.
Insertion ribs. Function agonist in scapula protraction, superiority rotates scapula
, Serratus posterior inferior: depresses ribs
Serratus posterior superior: elevates ribs
Levator costarum: elevates the ribs
Intrinsic back muscles: start & stop & move the back
A. Erector spinae muscles: extension of the back
Iliocostalis lumborum Longissimus thoracis Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Spinalis cervicis
Iliocostalis capitis Longissimus capitis Spinalis capitis
B. Transversospinalis Group: Extension, rotation of the spine and torso
Semispinalis thoracis Multifidus Rotatores
Semispinalis cervicis
Semispinalis capitis
intertransversarii: lateral flexion
Interspinalis: extends back
Seplenius muscles: bondage muscles that originate on vertebrae and insert on the skull
Splenius capitis: origin occipital bone Innervation cervical spinal N.
Insertion ligamentum nuchae Function extend/flex the head
Splenius cervicis: inserts on the transverse process of C1-C3/extends neck
Suboccipital Region
Oblique capitis superior
Oblique capitis inferior
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Suboccipital N. (C1)
Greater occipital N. (C2)
Occipital artery
Muscles of the gluteal region:
Gluteus Maximus: origin iliac crest Innervation inferior gluteal N.
Insertion femur Function extend, laterally rotate thigh
Gluteus Medius: origin iliac crest Innervation superior gluteal N.
Insertion femur Function abduct, medially rotate thigh
