Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With Answers.
function of mitochondria - ANSWER- ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Rough ER - ANSWER- That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Smooth ER -
ANSWER- That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Homeostasis - ANSWER- A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation
of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Hypertrophy - ANSWER- increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development
atrophy - ANSWER- the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to
waste away
Ischemia - ANSWER- an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart
muscles.
S/S of Objective Data - ANSWER- Any observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure,
physical findings, and lab values)
S/S of Subjective Data - ANSWER- Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain)
Epinephrine - ANSWER- Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also
known as adrenaline.
Renin - ANSWER- hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing
vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
What causes edema? - ANSWER- -reduced concentration of plasma proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
Signs and symptoms of fluid excess - ANSWER- edema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension
(high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding, weight increase
Signs and symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER- Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low
BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of
consciousness
S/S of hypocalcemia - ANSWER- - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation)
- seizures
Osmosis - ANSWER- Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
, Diffusion - ANSWER- Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
active transport - ANSWER- Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane
against a concentration difference
Effect of hypertonic solution - ANSWER- cell shrinks and can die
effect of a hypotonic solution - ANSWER- cell swells and can burst
active immunity - ANSWER- A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own
antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
passive immunity - ANSWER- An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather
receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk
Examples of active immunity - ANSWER- natural infection, vaccines,
Examples of passive immunity - ANSWER- IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta,
antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody
acquired immunity - ANSWER- Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
examples of acquired immunity - ANSWER- 1) having the infection 2) vaccination
innate immunity - ANSWER- Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth.
Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
Examples of innate immunity - ANSWER- skin, hair, cilia, mucus membranes, digestive enzymes,
stomach acidity, inflammatory response, fever, inflammation
5 P's of compartment syndrome - ANSWER- pain, pallor, pulselessness, paralysis, paresthesia
Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome - ANSWER- severe pain or burning sensation
decreased strength in the extremity
paralysis of the extremity pain
with movement
extremity feeling hard to palpation
distal pulses, motor and sensory function possibly normal
emergency care focuses on treating any life threatening injuries first: immobilize and splint the
affected extremity and apply a cold pack or ice
it is extremely important to transport the patient since he may lose the limb if compartment
syndrome is not treated quickly and effectively
Osteoarthritis - ANSWER- inflammation of the bones and joints
Causes of osteoarthritis - ANSWER- -Heredity
-Obesity
-Injury
function of mitochondria - ANSWER- ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Rough ER - ANSWER- That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Smooth ER -
ANSWER- That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Homeostasis - ANSWER- A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation
of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Hypertrophy - ANSWER- increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development
atrophy - ANSWER- the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to
waste away
Ischemia - ANSWER- an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart
muscles.
S/S of Objective Data - ANSWER- Any observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure,
physical findings, and lab values)
S/S of Subjective Data - ANSWER- Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain)
Epinephrine - ANSWER- Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also
known as adrenaline.
Renin - ANSWER- hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing
vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
What causes edema? - ANSWER- -reduced concentration of plasma proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
Signs and symptoms of fluid excess - ANSWER- edema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension
(high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding, weight increase
Signs and symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER- Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low
BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of
consciousness
S/S of hypocalcemia - ANSWER- - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation)
- seizures
Osmosis - ANSWER- Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
, Diffusion - ANSWER- Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
active transport - ANSWER- Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane
against a concentration difference
Effect of hypertonic solution - ANSWER- cell shrinks and can die
effect of a hypotonic solution - ANSWER- cell swells and can burst
active immunity - ANSWER- A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own
antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
passive immunity - ANSWER- An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather
receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk
Examples of active immunity - ANSWER- natural infection, vaccines,
Examples of passive immunity - ANSWER- IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta,
antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody
acquired immunity - ANSWER- Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
examples of acquired immunity - ANSWER- 1) having the infection 2) vaccination
innate immunity - ANSWER- Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth.
Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
Examples of innate immunity - ANSWER- skin, hair, cilia, mucus membranes, digestive enzymes,
stomach acidity, inflammatory response, fever, inflammation
5 P's of compartment syndrome - ANSWER- pain, pallor, pulselessness, paralysis, paresthesia
Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome - ANSWER- severe pain or burning sensation
decreased strength in the extremity
paralysis of the extremity pain
with movement
extremity feeling hard to palpation
distal pulses, motor and sensory function possibly normal
emergency care focuses on treating any life threatening injuries first: immobilize and splint the
affected extremity and apply a cold pack or ice
it is extremely important to transport the patient since he may lose the limb if compartment
syndrome is not treated quickly and effectively
Osteoarthritis - ANSWER- inflammation of the bones and joints
Causes of osteoarthritis - ANSWER- -Heredity
-Obesity
-Injury
