ASP FINAL EXAM- COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE *Q&A* (100% Correct) 2025/2026 |VERIFIED|

ASP FINAL EXAM- COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE *Q&A* (100% Correct) 2025/2026 |VERIFIED| - What is the condition known as presbycusis? Hearing loss due to old age - What does presbyopia refer to? Impaired vision as a result of aging, particularly difficulty focusing - What is byssinosis and what industry is it associated with? A disease caused by inhaling cotton fibers, also known as "brown lung disease" or "Monday fever," common in the textile industry - Which type of human error involves leaving something out during a task? Omission - How long must employers post OSHA citations after receiving them? For 3 days or until corrected - What does an audiogram measure? It is a written record of hearing thresholds at specified frequencies - What is an audiometer used for? It is a device that can present tones of various frequencies at different volumes for hearing testing - What dB level at 3000 Hz on an audiogram indicates hearing loss for a specific tone? 1 30 dB - Which factors influence noise absorption? Angle to the noise source, frequency of noise, density, condition of materials, type of mounting, and shape of surface - What material properties enhance noise absorption through engineering controls? Good porosity, thickness, and air gaps - What is emissivity? It is the ratio of radiation emitted by a surface compared to a black body at the same temperature - How does a bright metal surface compare in terms of emissivity? It has low emissivity, less than 0.1, which makes it a good reflector and effective in reducing radiant heat - What is the emissivity of unpolished surfaces? Close to 1.0, which is high and not ideal for reducing radiant heat - Which nerve and hand areas are affected by carpal tunnel syndrome? The median nerve affects the thumb, pointer, and ring fingers, with symptoms like wrist pain and thenar wasting - What condition is caused by brief high exposure to metal fumes, such as zinc or magnesium? Metal Fume Fever, characterized by flu-like symptoms that appear 4 to 12 hours after exposure - What effect does altitude have on fan horsepower and static pressure? Altitude reduces the horsepower needed and static pressure but does not change the CFM or fan RPM 2 - What are the regulations for air supply in SCBA and airline respirators? Air must be Grade D or higher, with acceptable oil content and filtering. Medical oxygen is prohibited - How do you define abduction and adduction in terms of arm movement? Abduction increases the angle of the arm away from the body; adduction decreases it, bringing the arm back toward the body - What are the required air quality parameters for Grade D breathing air? 19.5%-23.5% oxygen, less than 5 mg/m3 of oil, less than 10 ppm CO, and less than 1000 ppm CO2 - What are the threshold limit values (TLV), permissible exposure limits (PEL), and IDLH for carbon monoxide? TLV: 50 ppm, STEL: 400 ppm; IDLH: 1500 ppm; PEL: 35-50 ppm, ceiling 200 ppm, instantaneous 1500 ppm - What is carbon monoxide and how does it affect human health? It is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas that reduces oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood, causing chemical asphyxiation - What is a teratogen? An agent that causes malformation in an embryo or fetus without passing across generational lines - What is the next best alternative to electric forklifts for reducing emissions? Converting the forklift to LP gas - Under what conditions does double insulation fail to protect against shock? When exposed to water or wet locations 3 - What are the types of sampling methods in data collection? Random, stratified, systematic, and cluster - What does a pH less than 7 indicate? An acid - What does a pH greater than 7 indicate? A base - What is activated carbon and its main function? A porous carbon used to absorb various odors and vapors, with a non-polar surface - How do axial flow fans differ from centrifugal fans? Axial flow fans provide high volume and low pressure drop, while centrifugal fans work better for high pressures and have a perpendicular air flow - What is the main difference between forward and backward blades in centrifugal fans? Forward blades curve in the direction of rotation, while backward blades curve in the opposite direction, making them more efficient - When would a paddle wheel or long-shaving wheel be used? For buffing exhaust or woodworking exhaust where heavy dust must pass through the fan - What is the maximum travel distance for a fire extinguisher in light hazard occupancies? 75 feet, such as in churches, clubs, schools, and homes - What are the inspection items for self-closing doors? Lubrication on guides, non-bent binders, un-stretched chains, and no painted fusible links 4 - What is the main cause of sprinkler system failure? 35% of the time, it is due to closed water-supply valves - What commonly causes sprinkler heads to leak? Overheating from being too close to heat-generating processes How often should sound level meters be calibrated? Particle sizes Small: zinc Large: silica Safest method to determine electrical current Treating exposure to liquid oxygen Before & after each survey Split-core ammeter Warm water. Never rub or use dry heat. Frozen tissue is painless but will be swollen & painful when thawed. Required languages for HAZCOM required. TTS Only English. Others can be used in addition, but only English is temporary threshold shift. Will experience a transient attenuation. PTS permanent threshold shift. One theory is that these result from many TTSs. Butyl/neoprene gloves chemicals -- acids, bases. Gloves that made of a synthetic rubber and protect against wide variety of 3 components of every noise problem Training requirements for HAZWOPER Source, path, receiver site workers, spill response, PPE 5 TLV Threshold Limit Value. All employees can be exposed daily without adverse health effects. Autoignition Temperature without a spark or flame. The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites in air Rules on Danger Tags under 1910.145 (accident prevention signs & tags) 2) Must use words, pictures or both. 3) As close as possible to the hazard. 4) Employees must be informed on sign meanings. 5) Positive, concise, standardized. Hierarchy of Safety and Health Controls 2) Substitution 3) Engineering Controls (ex. LEV) 1) Elimination 4) Warnings/Administrative (ex. LOTO, work/rest) 5) Personal Protective Equipment ANSI Z10 puts Warnings as #4 and Admin as #5 Thermal vane anemometer 1) Readable at 5 ft Used where exhaust opening is large, air velocities are low --> spray booths or chemical hoods. Heated probe that senses velocity by the amount of heat removed from the probe. Direct reading & accurate. Rotating vane anemometer Useful for measuring the airflow through large supply and exhaust openings where the air velocities are relatively high. Components measured in industrial effluents metal content, temperature. NPDES biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (EPA permit) 6 Slot hoods Used to provide uniform exhaust airflow (e.g., over tank suface). Function is to obtain proper air distribution. (Note: Capture velocity involves exhaust volume and slot length but NOT slot velocity.) Vapor pressure Pressure exerted by a vapor that is in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature; the ability of the liquid to evaporate. Static friction the force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest kinetic friction the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are moving over each other. Not affected by speed. Is friction (static or kinetic) affected by the amount of surface area? Number of states that have OSHA-approved state plans No 25 (plus Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands) OSHA's jurisdiction Most private employers & workers. NOT COVERED: self-employed, immediately family farm workers, state & local government employees; workers regulated by other government agencies. carbon disulfide (CS2) -- used as solvent in waxes, rubbers -- flammable (ignited by hot light bulbs, steam lines, static electricity) -- poisonous, absorbed through skin, irritation and CNS depression VPP Star Requiremenets Voluntary Protection Program. 3-yr TCIR & 3-yr DART must be below at least 1 of the 3 most recent years of specific industry averages at the most precise level. 3 parts of means of egress (Life Safety Code) exit access, exit, exit discharge 7 What happens to ethers in storage? They form ether peroxides. If heated may detonate. Exit door requirements (Life Safety Code) Properly marked; swings in direction of exit; cannot be locked; normally closed. Fusible links will stop spread of fire but not in time to stop smoke. NFPA's occupancy classifications NFPA Low Hazard Low, Ordinary, Extra Low: apartments, churches, homes, office buildings. NFPA Ordinary Hazard Occupancy laundries Group 1: low combustibility, stock piles <8 ft - canneries, Group 2: moderate, stock piles <12 ft - cereal mills, textile plants Group 3: high, flour mills, paper & processing NFPA Extra Hazard Occupancy sawmills Group 1: small quantities of flammables - die casting, rubber, Group 2: moderate quantities of flammables - solvent cleaning, asphalt saturating, flammable liquid spraying Dilution vs. Local Exhaust Ventilation Dilution: lowers concentration by adding air, less expensive and less maintenance than LEV, but less efficient. Dilution does not effectively control exposure. LEV sucks air at the source; more expensive but also more effective. Only choice for toxic contaminants. Standpipe System Vertical pipes where hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to outlets. Class I: trained firefighters. Class II: first-aid firefighting. Class III: Have both Class I & Class II. Combined are Class I or III used with a sprinkler. Typically used in high-rise buildings. Intrinsically Safe Equipment Equipment designed and approved for use in flammable atmospheres that is incapable of releasing sufficient electrical energy to cause the ignition of a flammable atmospheric mixture. 8 1) Can't develop more than 140% of rated Requirements for firefighting booster pumps (NFPA 20) pressure at shut off (closed system). 2) Must deliver rated flow at rated pressure. 3) Must deliver 150% of rated flow at 65% of rated pressure. 4) Annual flow test. Purpose of hoods on grinders 1) Protect from bursting wheel. 2) Remove dirt, dust, etc. from operations. AQL SMR LTPD plan. TLV-C Acceptable Quality Level. Satisfactory process average. Standardized Mortality Ratio. Adjusts for age in epidemiological study data. Lot Total/Tolerance Percent Defective. Level of quality routinely rejected by the sampling Threshold Limit Value Ceiling Limit - Concentration that should not ever be exceeded. Noise control barriers - most effective method Heat Syncope Air-tight enclosures Fainting that occurs when the body attempts to cool itself by dilating the blood vessels Raynaud's disease a peripheral arterial disease from cold or stress; affects fingers and hands (fingers white), numbness; most prevalent when using vibrating machinery in the cold (chain saw, jack hammer, etc.). Melanoma skin cancer -- most common cause is sunlight. 9 TV Tidal Volume. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. Not considered in a pulmonary function test (PFT). MVV Maximal Voluntary Ventilation. Max air for 10-15 seconds. This test is rarely performed now, sometimes in athletes. FVC / FEV1 Forced Vital Capacity. Most important test in spirometry. Test of expiration as forceful and rapidly as possible. FEV1 is the first second of the FVC. X-ray equipment biggest risk Specific gravity High voltages required to generate X-rays. Also called "relative density." Normally in relation to water. Carbon dioxide - when is it dangerous? Above 9%. Most common way to lessen/eliminate static electricity. happen first, then bonding. Relaxation (regarding static electricity) Bonding & grounding. Grounding must Usually 30 seconds; allows dispersion and dissipation of static charge. Frostbite Frozen skin tissue. First symptoms are pins & needles, then numbness, hard & pale skin; when thawed, red & painful; can cause gangrene. LPG hose bursting pressure rating Major types of guards 1250 psig (working pressure is 250 = safety factor of 5). Fixed, interlocking, self-adjusting, adjustable, automatic Rules on steps & ramps (OSHA) Width: 22" min Riser: 6" - 7.5" 10 Tread: 12" plus or minus 2" Ramps: 30 degrees Hazards of welding on stainless steel Fumes of nickel, chromium & fluorides Most economical way to prevent internal corrosion in tanks maintenance is infrequent replacement of a charged anode. Wire rope inspection components Cathodic protection. Only Lubrication, kinking, corrosion, loose/broken wires, wear of crown wires, high strands, nicks; cross-section measurements. NFPA 704 Diamond with 4 diamonds inside. For fixed installations. Top diamond - Red - Flammability Hazard Left diamond - Blue - Health Hazard Right diamond - Yellow - Instability hazard Bottom diamond - white - special hazard. Sprays & mists will do what to a liquid or gas NFPA 600 NFPA 1500 Private Fire Brigades Lower the flash point & lower the LEL. Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program NFPA 101 NFPA 10 NFPA 70 & 70E Life Safety Code Portable Fire Extinguishers 70: National Electrical Code 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace 11 Reverse jet baghouse fabric filtration combustion for electricity generation. 1) Very efficient (99%) 2) Expensive and large 3) Require control of moisture in dust 4) Costly to maintain ESP Air pollution control device from commercial processes or Electrostatic precipitators. Filtration device that removes fine particles (dust, smoke) from a f lowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Sensitive to electrical resistance & particle size distribution. Messy to clean but effecient in energy consumption. Wet scrubber Polluted gas is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid to remove pollutants. Advantages: Can handle high temperatures and moisture, smaller size, can remove gases & particulates, can neutralize corrosive gases. Disadvantages: can form highly corrosive solutions, requires a lot of power, expensive, creates water pollution, difficult product recovery. Double-insulated tools Provides additional insulation around the tool. Unit's switch and gripping surface is non-conductive and requires no further grounding. (Not protective in water, however.) Symbol is square within a square. Chain slings Used in rigging, winches, etc. Standard material is alloy steel (includes bronze, stainless steel & Monel metals). High resistance to abrasion and failure. Monel metal Mostly nickel, but stronger than nickel. Whitish in color, pliable for good adjustment, resists corrosion (like seawater). Proof coil chain lifting. Class A CDL This is chain for gates, barriers, light construction. NEVER to be used for overhead GVWR >26,000 lb (with trailer >10,000 lb) 12 Class B CDL Class C CDL GVWR >26,000 lb (with trailer <10,000) GVWR <26,000 lb CDL - T endorsement CDL - N endorsement CDL - P endorsement CDL - H endorsement CDL - X endorsement Combination vehicles with double or triple trailers Tank vehicle with capacity of 1,000 gal or more. 16 or more passengers (including driver); Bus is 11+ Regular vehicle transporting hazardous materials in placardable amounts. TANK vehicle used to transport hazardous materials Training requirements for PITs - observed unsafe operation - poor evaluation of operation - different type of equipment - workplace change - 3 years, regardless of the above Class 1 Liquid Flash: <100 Class IA Liquid Flash: <73 Boiling: n/a Boiling: <100 - accident or near miss 13 Class IB Liquid Boiling: ≥100 Flash: <73 Class IC Liquid Flash: ≥73, <100 Class II Liquid Flash: ≥100, <140 Class III Liquid Flash: ≥140 Class IIIA Liquid Flash: ≥140, <200 Class IIIB Liquid Flash: ≥200 Arc Eye Boiling: n/a Boiling: n/a Boiling: n/a Boiling: n/a Boiling: n/a Ultraviolet (UV) light from welding. Injures the cornea and surface and mucous membrane of the eye = conjunctivitis. Pain, sand-like feeling, sensitivity to light. Parking lot design principles 1) Provide a separate entry and exit way. 2) Separate lanes should be located where flow can be controlled by a traffic light or merge / acceleration lane. 3) Right turns from and into the lot are preferred. Types of grounding electrode systems Metal underground water pipes, building steel, concrete encased electrodes (Ufer grounds) and ground rings. 14 1) Must be in contact with earth for Requirements for metal underground water pipes as a ground 10+ ft. 2) Supplemented by system (usually electrode) to ensure continuous ground. Requirements for building steel used as a ground steel in the footing. Connected to a ground grid or the reinforcing Requirements for concrete-encased electrodes (Ufer) as a ground Used in dry conditions (started in Arizona), installing 20+ ft of rods or wiring in concrete, then connected to a driven ground. Requirements for ground rings as a ground 30" deep, connected to driven electrodes. Grounding basics Large diameter (#2+ AWG) steel that circles a facility at 1) Rods must be driven into the earth at least 8 ft 2) Maximum resistance in ground path is 25 ohms. 3) Strive for 5 ohms or less. Purpose of a circuit breaker conductors or insulation. Prevent overheating ("excessive or dangerous temperature") of Do circuit breakers offer protection from shock? on them for 2 minutes before it will act! No - they are too slow. You can put a 200% load Calculate the specific gravity of a bowling ball that weighs 20 lb on land and 15 lb in water. The amount of water the same volume as the bowling ball is 5 lb (the difference). The specific gravity is the ratio of the bowling ball's land weight (20 lb) to the weight of the water it displaces (5 lb). 20/5 = SG of 4. It is 4 times denser than water. Hazen-Williams Formula Formula for determining friction loss in hydraulic calculations that involve fire sprinkler systems. Greatest factor is the diameter of the pipe. Name the parts in F = μN. F = Force required 15 μ = Coefficient of friction N = Normal weight kg to lb, lb to kg 1 lb = 0.45 kg mph to ft/s 1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 mph = 1.47 ft/s If tanA = x, what is A? A = tan^-1(x). What functions are similar in compliance, safety, health environmental and quality programs? Common underlying objectives, use common approaches to achieve objectives, sharing common measurements. What's the first step in establishing a good quality plan? CIT Determining customer requirements. Critical Incident Technique. A set of procedures used for collecting direct observations of human behavior. Interviewing employees and collecting direct observations of behavior, using data to solve problems and develop psychological principles. Theory is that randomly selecting a sample of incidents can be extrapolated to represent the existence of similar incidents. (Flanagan, US Army Air Forces) When double-handle tools are used for PRECISION, what is the grip span for open (max) and closed (min)? 1" closed, 3" open When double-handle tools are used for POWER, what is the grip span for open (max) and closed (min)? 2" closed, 3.5" open Smoke management terms Buoyancy, compartmentalization, airflow, dilution, pressurization (Note: dispersion is NOT associated with smoke -- this is water.) 16 HAZOP Hazard and Operability Study. Analysis methodology to examine how process variations affect a system. (Ex: equipment failures, human error, chemical reactions.) Uses guide words: "none" "more" "less" "as well as" "part of" "reverse" "early" "late" "before" "after." HAZOP is most effective during design. A complex system is broken down into smaller sections, or "nodes." First event in an event tree analysis Ways to improve reliability of a system design, Redundancy THERP Initiating event Parallel components (all work independently), Series Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction. Detailed procedure for analyzing a task and determining human reliability. Basic assumption is that human behavior can be viewed the same way as the success or failure of a piece of equipment. Basically, the probability of human error. Single point failure Any weak point of a system such that if it fails, it will seriously affect the safety of the system (single shackle in rigging). Any one thing that could take the system out. FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. Reliability tool. Ranks possible failures by probability. Very good at identifying single point failures. Good for systems with no redundancy. Inductive analysis. Cause --> effect model. NOT good for identifying failures in a system with multiple failures. Poisson distribution: symbol meaning and purpose. t imes an event occurs in an interval of time or space. P = Poisson distribution Probability. Good for modelling the number of r = number of observed events (or rate) -- this is what will or may change λ (lambda): expected number of events or baseline t = time e = natural log (2.71) ! = factorial, ex 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 (use PRB on calculator) Heinrich's Domino Theory of accidents 300-29-1. Social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury. 17 300 no-injury accidents, 29 minor accidents, 1 major injury. Heinrich shifted the emphasis from unsafe workplace conditions to focus on unsafe actions of employees. Implied warranty The implication by a dealer that the product will serve a specific purpose. This implication is made by placing it on sale for that purpose, advertising it for that purpose and indicating in manuals that it will serve that purpose. Employee rights under OSHA 1. Request an inspection. 2. Have a representative present at an inspection. 3. Have dangerous substances identified. 4. Be promptly informed about exposure to hazards and be given access to accurate records regarding exposure. 5. Have employer violations posted at work site. 6. Appeal the abatement date. 7. Be notified is exposed at or above PEL. How long does an employer have to contest an OSHA citation? 15 working days from receipt Primary factor in determining whether a company needs a full-time safety professional. potential for accidents or harm within the organization. Classifications of epidemiological studies Descriptive or analytic: The Descriptive: surveys conducted to determine the population affected by disease (age, ethnicity, etc.) Analytic: Use descriptive studies to make conclusions (using mathematics and analytical techniques). descriptive epidemiology What, who, where and when. Concerned with organizing and summarizing health-related data according to time, place, and person. They generate hypotheses. analytic epidemiology Why and how. They text hypotheses an investigate causes and associations between factors or events and health. Key feature is a comparison group. 18 experimental epidemiology Involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments. Investigators are actually causing exposure in some. (E.g., clinical trials). Very expensive. observational epidemiology Analytic. Documents the presence of physical or psychological disorders in human populations (Snow in England). Follow-up (prospective) cohort studies (epidemiology) Analytic / Observational. Participants are enrolled as the study begins and are then followed prospectively over time to identify occurrence of the outcomes of interest. (Ex. Framingham, MA, Heart Study.) Most useful but also the most expensive. Also can be called "incident studies." cohort study (epidemiology) Analytic / Observational. They don't expose someone -- they just observe who has a disease and who doesn't. They permit direct observation of risk; exposure factor is well defined; can study uncommon exposures; the temporal relationship between factor and outcome is known; can track multiple outcomes from a single exposure. Cohort experience. A group of people from a given time period, or who share a common characteristic or Case-control study (epidemiology) Analytic / Observational. A group of people with disease is enrolled. As a comparison group, the investigator then enrolls a group of people without disease (controls). Exposures between the 2 groups are compared. To study rare diseases, or multiple exposures to one outcome. Less expensive. Retrospective cohort study (epidemiology) Analytic / Observational. Both the exposure and the outcomes have already occurred. Least expensive but also can suffer from a lack of data (hard to get specific data points since the event was in the past -- e.g., what did you eat that night?). Cross-sectional (or prevalence) study (epidemiology) Analytic / Observational. A representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time -- all in the present. Analyzes the relationship of the exposure agent to disease. Stoichiometry Wide variety of measurements and relationships involving mixtures of chemicals (reactants and products in chemical reactions). Balanced chemical reactions. 19 Leukemia Cancer of the blood that results in widespread and uncontrolled creation of white blood cells. This leads to a hindered ability to fight infection. Series redundancy Many devices in series, each operated form a different source, must be activiated before an accident can occur. The more items in a series, the lower probability of failure. Parallel redundancy All components perform the same function at the same time. Used for equipment that is in continuous operation. If one component fails, the other will keep it going. Standby systems Increase system reliability by having an inoperative or idling standby unit that can take over if an operational unit fails. (e.g., emergency electrical generators). De-rating A device operating at less than rated maximum power in order to prolong its life. Stock insurance company An incorporated insurance company with capital divided into shares and owned by the shareholders. Profits are shared by stockholders, NOT policyholders. Profit-motivated. NIOSH - purpose, rights & reporting Develops recommendations; certifies equipment (esp. respiratory); develops information on safe exposure levels; conducts and funds research; provides training. Does NOT conduct enforcement, but has the same right of entry as OSHA if undertaking health studies of hazardous conditions and developing criteria for new standards. NIOSH is part of the CDC, under the Federal HHS. Elements of a contract Competent parties, subject matter, legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, mutuality of obligation. A contract does NOT include monetary duty. Who is responsible for product defects in the supply chain? provider, manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler, retailer. All parties are liable: raw materials To protect against product liability claims, how long should records be kept? indefinitely. most important is consideration of product safety during production. As long as possible / 20 Marshall v. Barlow's Inc. (1978) Dealt with OSHA's Right of Entry. The employer can challenge the right of entry, forcing OSHA to seek a warrant. Most common type of computer system error. Adult learning principles Software issues, by far. Explain purpose, share outline of session, show respect for learners, acknowledge learners' experience, allow choices, demonstrate relevance to their work, allow questions and interaction. Advantages and disadvantages of quiz question types but don't demonstrate good recall. Multiple choice: can be objectively graded Fill-in-the-blank: good on recall, but problems with objectivity, hard to grade. Oral testing: is subjective. True/False: not creative Purpose for safety posters Instructions on how to use safety equipment; helps maintain awareness; reminds employees of specific hazards. Programmed learning Now mostly computer-based, but not exclusively. Is very expensive to produce, but good on interactivity. Prompts learners to go back and learn if they didn't get it / questions along the way. Very useful for those who can only study for short periods of time. Forces learners to stay focused. Go-at-your-own-pace. Disaster plans should involve whom? Neighboring companies, company SMEs, police & fire, medical agencies, government agencies, public officials. Fields that influenced Ergonomics Bio-engineering, industrial engineering, anatomy, anthropometry, biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, systems engineering. Communication barriers for trainers (would make them less effective) know everything Knowledge: thinking you 21 Prejudice: opinion not based on reason or experience Attitude: favor/disfavor toward a person or thing Nonverbal: saying one thing, doing another Industry credited with development of system safety Multiplexing Aerospace The transmission of multiple signals on one medium or path (e.g., data & voice) Value of a "needs assessment" - Distinguish between training & non-training needs - Identify problem before designing a solution - Saves time & money by ensuring solutions address problems they're intended to solve. - Helps identify factors that will impact training before it's developed. (Needs assessment is NOT to determine the type of training necessary.) Life Safety Code maximum travel distances to exits Assembly seating and tenant spaces are both 200/250. Distance to fire extinguisher based on type of fire Class B: 50 ft Class C: based on pattern of A/B Class D: 75 ft Symbols on extinguishers based on fire class Add 50 feet if there's a sprinkler system. Class A: 75 ft Class A: Green triangle around A (wood, etc.) Class B: Red box around B (flammable liquids) Class C: Blue circle around C (electrical) Class D: Yellow star around D (metals) Standpipe systems minimum flow rate 100 gal/min 22 Exit sign requirements At least 6" high, illuminated by 5 foot-candles Employers with how many employees can verbally communicate an Emergency Action Plan? fewer. All others must have a written one. Minimum Procedures in an Emergency Action Plan 10 or Reporting the emergency, exiting the facility, accounting for all employees, keeping critical operations running (if any), employees performing rescue or medical duties. And the name of the person to contact for more information. Minimum elements of fire prevention plan (1910.39) Major fire hazards, handling & storage, potential ignition sources, fire extinguishing equipment, controlling accumulation of flammables, safeguards against heat-producing equipment, those responsible for: maintaining equipment, controlling fuel source hazards. Combustible metals (common ones) Dry chemical fire extinguishers Lithium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, potassium Bicarbonates, potassium chloride, monoammonium phosphate. They work by separating the 4 parts of the fire tetrahedron, preventing chemical reaction. Dry powder fire extinguishers Formulations developed specifically for use on class D combustibles (metals). They smother a fire and form a crust. -- Sodium chloride -- Sodium carbonate: good for stainless steel -- Copper-based: good on lithium only. Cuts oxygen. -- Graphite-based: good on magnesium and others Formula for calculating discharge volumes CFM = cubic feet per minute RPM = rotations per minute (of the fan) (CFM1/CFM2) = (RPM1/RPM2) 23 PLC Programmable Logic Controller. A computer system designed to operate a process, equipment or machine. Redundancy is critical to safety with PLC. Should be continuously self-checking. CLI Composite Lifting Index. Used for multi-task manual lifting. Uses the following for each task: -- Frequency-independent weight limit -- Frequency-independent lifting index -- Single-task weight limit -- Single-Task lifting index Definition of an enclosed structure T-distribution 2 walls or more A bell-shaped distribution symmetrical about its median used to make confidence intervals with small samples (<30) and unknown population variance. Peak is lower, tails are higher. Used to examine differences between groups. Octave Band Analyzer are used to: Used to determine where noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum. They -- Help determine adequacy of frequency-dependent noise controls. -- Select hearing protectors (they measure attenuation. -- Analyze frequency content of noise. Hydrostatic test minimum pressure required by ASME code OSHA required angle for a ramp 30 degrees What amount of electrical current could kill a person? Smallest wire for 20 amp branch circuits (NEC) 150% of maximum operating pressure 70-100 milliamps (mA) #12 gauge wire 24 #12 gauge wire maximum current allowed (NEC) 20 amps Minimum breaking strength of lanyards & lifelines (OSHA) 5,000 lbs Minimum clearance distance between cranes (and all parts of the load) & power lines (OSHA) f t for 50 kV or less Add 0.4" for every kV above 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator Height requirement for ladder cages (OSHA) more than 8 ft above the base of the ladder. Cages must extend down no less than 7 ft and no Mutiplier for continuous loads, when considering amperage ratings for protective devices (breakers) 1.25 Example: a load is 100 watts. Amperage must be planned as 125 watts. Name the terms in P = I x V I = current (amperage) V = volts (or E = energy) P = power, expressed in watts Name the terms in E = I x R or (V = I x R) I = current (amperage) R = resistance (ohms) Name the terms in S ≅ 6CiEf E = energy (volts) Radiation formula S = Roentgens/hour/foot Ci = Curie (whole curies) E is same as MEV = Energy in megaelectron volts F = Fractional yield 10 25 Sling angle and stress rules of thumb 15° = twice the load 30° = the load 45° = 70% of the load 60° = 58% of the load 90° = 50% of the load Load/#slings/sinA = stress on the sling If there are 4 slings, calculate for 3 only. If there are 3 slings, calculate for 2 only. In radioactivity equations, explain A or N, A(sub 0) or N(sub 0), t, T(sub 1/2), ln 2 and k radioactivity remaining after time t A(sub 0) = radioactivity at a given original time t = elapsed time T(sub 1/2) = half-life of the radio-nuclide ln 2 = natural log of 2 = .693 k = disintegration constant Storage heights allowed, for piled and stacked materials (Fire Protection Handbook) Stacked: 15 ft A = Piled: 12 ft For mechanical power presses, what is the safe distance for controls that require the operator's hands (with no guard)? 63" (5.25 ft) per second of stopping time needed. Types of radiation Alpha rays alpha, beta, neutron, gamma & x-ray Short range (<4" in air), can collect in kidneys, bones, lungs, etc. Eyes are an internal exposure. Shielding: skin, paper, water 26 Beta rays Secondary release of gamma radiation; higher energies can cause skin burns Shielding: light metals (e.g., aluminum) Neutron rays Secondary release of gamma radiation, causing tissue damage in the body. Shielding: carbon or water Gamma & X-rays Gamma rays are natura), X-rays are man-made. Far faster and stronger than alpha and beta rays. These rays easily penetrate through the human body. Shielding: lead or thick concrete Personal protective equipment Decreases injuries & severity BUT also, decreases efficiency Last line of defense Limit for ionizing radiation per person per year (NRC) Coefficient of friction (materials, high & low) Low: ice, steel 5 Rem High: wood, rubber, Same metal to same metal (brass to brass) is HIGHER than same metal to different metal (brass to steel). Most common occupational disease diseases. Forklift rules in warehouses Dermatitis. Accounts for almost 50% of occupational -- Aisles & passageways free from obstructions & appropriately marked where mechanical equipment is used. -- Safe clearances must be allowed for aisles, loading docks, doorways and turns. Safe distance between point of operation and slide or ram (which would cause injury) is based on what 2 things? Hand speed & the stopping time of the ram. 27 Distance rule is 63" (5.25 ft) per second. OBM Organizational Behavior Management. A plan for managing the behavior and motivation of employees through a formal system of feedback and reinforcement. Specify goals & objectives. Takes commitment from employees and management. Types of dust that can be combustible -- metals -- nonmetallic inorganic materials -- solid organics: sugar, flour, grain, wood Factors in the destructiveness of a dust explosion 2) Maximum pressure developed 3) Duration of excess pressure 4) Degree of explosion volume confinement 5) Oxygen concentration Conditions necessary for dust explosion 1) Rate of pressure rise 1) High concentration of combustible dust in the air 2) Confinement of the dust cloud 3) Ignition source with some type of oxidant. Hypergolic A fuel that will ignite spontaneously on mixing with another substance, like an oxidizer. No outside ignition source is needed. Use for rocket propellants. Common hypergol is hydrazine -- used with liquid oxidizers. Hydrazine is used in the space program. Pyrophoric Substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air. Examples: magnesium, iron sulfide, plutonium, uranium, sodium potassium, cesium, lithium. Flash point v. Autoignition temperature v. Fire point substance can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. Flash point: lowest temperature at which a Autoignition point: lowest temperature at which a substance will ignite, with NO ignition source. 28 Fire point: temperature at which vapor continues to burn after being ignited. Who must provide scaffold training, and what topics? Competent person. Fall hazards, procedures for erection, maintenance, proper use, placement, electrical hazards. CP must also supervise erection & disassembly. Scaffolds are DESIGNED by a QUALIFIED person. Number of hours of training required for new miners (MSHA) based training, as the training is prescribed. 40 (at least). This is SPECIFICATION Who is responsible to complete shipping documents for hazardous materials? 3 most often recommended basic training courses for workers in general industy 2) Fire Extinguisher 3) Contingency (Emergency) HAZCOM required training & information elements Shipper 1) First Aid HAZCOM standard requirements; where hazmats are; location of written program; how to detect release of hazardous chemicals; physical & health hazards; how to protect themselves, including PPE, emergency procedures, work practices; labeling system; the format of the safety data sheet Sectional areas of a discharge pipe cannot be less than... (ASME B31 Pressure Piping) The full area of the valve outlets discharging. (So the discharge pipe must be greater than or equal to the valve outlets discharging.) Standard deviation places great value on what kind of values? deviations are squared. standard deviation Extreme values, since all individual a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean population standard deviation the square root of the population variance 29 (Sample) Standard deviation: When you Standard deviation v. POPULATION standard deviation have a sample and want to extrapolate it. POPULATION standard deviation: used if (1) you have the entire population or (2) you have a sample of a larger population, but you are only interested in this sample and do not wish to generalize to the population. Purpose of safety program audits Determine is the plan is actually being followed. Program evaluation is the measurement of results against accepted criteria (e.g., experience modifier). Continuous improvement in behavior-based safety 2. Measure compliance 3. Provide feedback on improvements 1. Specify standards Krause, Hidley and Hodson's "Continuous improvement safety process" behaviors 2. Problem-solving action plan 3. Measure performance 4. Acceptable? If yes, go back to #1; if no, go back to #2. NSC's approach to behavior-based safety 2. Conduct measurement through observations. 3. Give performance feedback Coefficients of correlation + = positive - = negative 1. Identify critical behaviors 0 = no correlation + or - 0.6 = weak correlation (discounted in safety) + or - 0.7 or greater = strong correlation 1. Identify critical 30 This is the OR gate, where probabilities In a Fault Tree Analysis, what does a pope's hat represent? are added. This means that any one of the components can fail and bring about system failure. This is a SERIES construction. Think of a cross (like a plus) in the middle -- you add. In a Fault Tree Analysis, what does a tombstone represent? probabilities of failure are multiplied. This is the AND gate, where This series means that all components must fail to bring about the system failure. This is a PARALLEL construction. Think of a toMbstone -- "M" for multiply How do you multiply numbers with exponents? If the integer is the same, you keep the same integer and add the exponents. Example: (1 x 10^4) x (1 x 10^3) = 1 x 10^7 Privity Knowledge shared with another or others regarding a private matter. In safety, direct relationship between injured party and party whose negligence cause an accident. Basically the idea is that one who committed negligence cannot be held liable for injury to a consumer for a manufacturing defect if there are parties in between (wholesaler, retailer). But this is no longer the case. Obvious peril Idea that a manufacturer or distributor does not have to label something that is obviously hazardous (e.g. gun, hunting knife). Res ispa loquitur "The thing (negligence) speaks for itself." --> Obvious negligence. The principle that the occurrence of an accident implies negligence. One is presumed to be negligent if they had exclusive control of whatever caused the injury and if they had exercised care, the accident would not have happened (ex. piano falling from a window and landing on an individual, a sponge is left inside a patient following surgery). Tort liability. a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal 31 Express warranty A written explanation of the producer's responsibilities in the event that a product is found to be defective or otherwise unsatisfactory. Implies a product will perform in a specific manner; contains safety provisions; is suitable for a specific use. Basic legal principles used by plaintiffs in product liability cases. conduct. Negligence: the defendant's Strict liability & breach of implied warranty: the quality of the defendant's product Breach of express warranty & misrepresentation: performance of the product against manufacturer representations Five (5) categories of OSHA violations Serious Repeat Other than serious Willful = worst De minimis -- no serious threat to employee safety and health Leading cause of all work-related fatal injuries Highway traffic incidents Leading cause of accidents in Wholesale & Retail Trade robbery) Assaults & violent acts (e.g., armed At what stage of product development should distributors, deals and field personnel be brought in for familiarization & comment? Production "go ahead." This is where potential hazards, safeguards and precautions will be discussed. Principles of static pressure in ventilation systems direction of flow. -- Tends to collapse the duct in an exhaust system -- Acts in all directions -- Static pressure is a part of total pressure -- Always measured PERPENDICULAR to 32 Conjunctivitis Pink eye. Inflammation of the mucous membrane. Arc eye is an example - from UV radiation from welding. Glaucoma Increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision. Leading cause of blindness in America. Cataracts Opacities that form on the lens and impair vision. Can come with age but also ionizing radiation, ultraviolet/infrared radiation & chemicals Nystagmus Involuntary rapid eye movements - often reported as horizontal, vertical, or rotary. Most common among miners. Loss control 2) Assess their risk 1) Identify hazards 3) Establish control measures (Goal is not to eliminate risk -- can't be done.) Face ventilation respirable dust. Used in mining. Effective method of reducing methane levels and controlling Ethers (and what happens in storage) between 2 hydro-carbon groups. In storage, they form ether peroxides. Class E hard hat Organic compound in which an oxygen atom has a bridge Electrical use, protects from falling objects and electrical shock from high voltages. Proof tested at 20,000 volts. Class G hard hat General use, protects from falling objects and electrical shock from low voltages. Proof-tested at 2,200 volts. Class C hard hat Conductive, protects from falling objects, no electrical protection. 33 Percentage of men v. women who are colorblind Women: 0.5% Men: 5-8% Most are "red weak" (protans) or "green weak" (deutans). Types of multipliers in the lifting equation Multipliers include: asymmetric, frequency, coupling, horizontal, vertical, distance multiplier (no speed multiplier). Ways to treat hazardous waste degradation, precipitation Chemical treatment: reduction, neutralization, biological Mechanical or physical treatment: filtration, phase separation, centrifugation, adsorption 3 components of successful communication opinions. Nitrile / natural rubber gloves Sender, message, receiver. Must deal with FACTS, not Good for chlorinated solvents. Resist abrasions, cuts, etc. N-DEX gloves PVA gloves Nitrile -- splash & spill protection for many chemicals. NOT for immersion. Polyvinyl Alcohol. Good for strong solvents (chlorinated & aromatic). PVA gloves are water-soluable, so they cannot be used in water or water-based solutions. "Alcohol will not SOLVE your problems" PVC gloves caustics. Polyvinyl Chloride. Resistant to abrasives, especially materials coated in grease, oil, "C - same EE sound as grease" Silver Shield gloves NOT form-fitting. Wide range of solvents, acids and bases. Lightweight laminate, flexible but 34 "Gold would be form-fitting; Silver is not" Vinyl gloves (irritants). R number Worn to protect the hands when working with substances that could damage the skin Reynolds number -- regarding air or liquid flow. < 2,000 = Laminar flow = Transient flow > 4000 = Turbulent flow Viton gloves Resistance to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), chlorinated solves, gases and water vapors. They CAN be used in water-based solutions. "VT-PCB -- all have the EE sound." Butyl gloves Gloves that made of a synthetic rubber and protect against wide variety of chemicals (acids, alcohols, water vapors) Hot-mill or aluminized gloves foundry work. Latex gloves Reflective & insulating protecting. Used for welding, furnace & Protects against acids, alkalis, salts & ketones. Resist abrasions, general purpose. Used in food processing, lab work. Neoprene gloves Synthetic rubber utility gloves that provide increased protection for handling potentially damaging or hazardous chemicals. Good for hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alkalis, aliphatic hydrocarbons, but NOT aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbons. Good pliability & dexterity. "Don't use neoPRENE on benZENE" Natural rubber gloves Neoprene-latex gloves Liquid-proof. Protects against acids, caustics & dye stuffs. Protects against detergents, salts, acids & caustics 35 Relationship of H+ and pH 10^-1 is 1, or a strong acid. 10^-6 is 6 or weak acid. 10^-14 is 14, or a strong base. 10^-8 is 8 or weak base. H is a scale of 0 - 14. 0 = Acidic, 7 = Pure water, 14 = Alkalotic/Basic When to use high velocity ventilation (high fpm) density particles. organic substances critical pressure contain carbon When dust settling is a concern, from high Pressure at which no liquid-vapor phase transition occurs at any temperature. Acetone Colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest and smallest ketone. Used in paint thinner and nail polish remover. High evaporation rate. BTU British Thermal Unit. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. inverse square law A law stating that the intensity of an effect such as illumination or gravitational force changes in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the source. Used in radiation, illumination, noise but NOT heat. LEV Local Exhaust Ventilation. Engineering system designed to reduce employee exposure to airborne contaminants (dust, mist, fume, vapor, gas) in the workplace by capturing the emission at source and transporting it to a safe emission point or to a filter/scrubber. More expensive than dilution ventilation, but also more effective. IRV ERV Inspiratory Reserve Volume. How much a person can suck in (breathe in). Expiratory Reserve Volume. How much a person can breathe out. 36 TLC Total Lung Capacity. The sum of all lung volumes/capacities. Simple asphyxiants Gases that dilute or displace atmospheric oxygen below that required to maintain blood levels sufficient for normal tissue respiration. (Ex. carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, aliphatic hydrocarbon gases such as butane, ethane, methane, and propane, and noble gases such as argon, helium, neon, and radon) chemical asphyxiants Direct chemical action that interferes with the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. (Ex. carbon monoxide, cyanide) For high-velocity applications, why are circular ducts preferable to square ducts? are better able to withstand stresses that can collapse ducts. Class I, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70) Circular ducts Class I: Gases, Liquids and Vapors. Division 1: Normally explosive & hazardous Class I, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70) Class I: Gases, Liquids and Vapors. Division 2: Not normally present in explosive concentration. Class II, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70) Division 1: Normally in suspension or conductive Class II, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70) Division 2: Dust not normally suspended Class III, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70) Division 1: Textiles, woodworking (not explosive) Class III, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70) Division 2: Stored or handled in storage Class II: Dusts Class II: Dusts Class III: Fibers & flyings Class III: Fibers & flyings 37 Explain how resistance is calculated in a series system versus in a parallel system. R2 + R3, etc. 1/R(parallel) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3, etc. R(series) = R1 + What is the formula when given Velocity or Velocity Pressure and needing to find the other? 4005 x √(VP) V = Velocity or duct velocity (expressed in lineal feet. fpm = feet per minute) VP = Velocity Pressure (inches of water column) Conversion of pound to grams 1 lb = 454 g V = What is the formula when when air discharge volume or rotational speed of the fan and need to find the other? CFM1/CFM2 = RPM1/RPM2 CFM = cubic feet per minute --> air discharge volume RPM = rotations per minute --> rotational speed of the fan What is the formula for total pressure in ventilation? Total pressure is equal to static pressure + velocity pressure. TP = SP + VP Velocity pressure is always POSITIVE downstream of the fan. Static pressure is always NEGATIVE upstream of the fan. Static pressure The force exerted by an enclosed, non-moving fluid when pressure is applied to the fluid. It applies equally in all directions. Dynamic or velocity pressure Pressure of a fluid (such as air) that results from its motion. It is the difference between total pressure and static pressure. What are the formulas for heat stress, both indoors and outdoors? 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT Outdoor (with solar load): WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB Indoor (no solar load): WBGT = 38 WBGT = wet bulb globe temperature WB = wet bulb temperature GT = globe temperature DB = dry bulb temperature What is the formula for noise dose? C = calculated exposure time T = authorized exposure time 3 dB rule Noise dose = (C1/T1) + (C2/T2) + (C3/T3) Machines. If you add machines of the same noise and distance away, you add 3 dB for each new machine. (Example: 3 machines combined produce 98 dB. Add a 4th machine the same noise & distance. Will be 101 dB.) 5 dB rule dB scale. For every 5 dB you go up, the sound pressure DOUBLES. For every 5 dB you go down, the sound pressure is HALVED. (Example: 95 dB is TWICE the pressure of 90 dB.) 6 dB rule Distance. Doubling distance decreases sound by 6 dB. Halving distance increases received signal by 6 dB. SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW SMAW = shielded metal arc welding = "stick" GTAW = gas tungsten arc welding = TIG = tungsten inert gas GMAW = gas metal arc welding = MIG = metal inert gas FCAW = flux core arc welding Types of building construction & fire resistance (NFPA 220) all) Type II: Non-combustible Type III: Ordinary (least resistive of all) Type IV: Heavy Timber Type V: Frame Type I: Fire Resistive (most resistive of 39 Difference in "Right to Know" and HAZCOM "Right to Know" are state standards. HAZCOM, 1910.1200 is Federal OSHA, which applies in states without an approved state plan. So if a state has a "Right to Know" program but no approved state plan, HAZCOM prevails where applicable. Common ANSI safety standards ANSI Z89 - hard hats ANSI Z41 - footwear ANSI Z16.4 - recordkeeping for injuries ANSI Z12.1 - floor and wall openings ANSI Z87 - eye & face protection When an effective hearing conservation program is needed t ime weighted after of 85 dBA. How does a temperature increase affect a reaction? When noise exposure exceeds an 8-hr Increases it dramatically. Arrhenius' Equation Formula for temperature dependence of reaction rates. How often to SCBAs need to be inspected? Monthly Difference between males & females - manual labor Lifting: 65% Lowering: 65% Carrying: 50% Factors determining QUALITY of illumination Pushing: females can perform 80% glare, diffusion, direction, uniformity, color and brightness Ductility The ability to bend without breaking Low: concrete block 40 High: steel, gold, copper, aluminum ESD Electrostatic Discharge How can electrostatic discharge (ESD) be controlled? humidity is 40-60%), using a static discharger, ion generator Alternatives to explosion-proof equipment Raising humidity (recommended relative Supplied-air (positive-pressure) ventilation; enclosed inert-gas-filled equipment; intrinsically safe equipment Monoammonium Phosphate Common dry chemical extinguishing agent for A-B-C fires. Quick cleanup is important: when combined with water will corrode most metals. ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code - exemptions - Small tanks - 120 gal of water under pressure - Hot water storage tanks - Pipes (ID of 6" or less) - Tanks with pressures 15 psig or less - Vessel covered by federal government. At what pressure does the ASME Code on Boiler & Pressure Vessels require detailed design by a PE? 3,000 psi Vinyl chloride Formaldehyde Cancerous. Tumors of the liver, brain, lung, etc. A colorless poisonous & carcinogenic gas. Mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings. Types of pneumoconiosis Anthracosis: coal dust Diseases of the lung. Siderosis: iron oxide (foundries, welding, ore mining) 41 Silicosis: silica dust Silicodiserosis: silica & dust Most damage in the body from neutron radiation is from... alpha radiation, which causes tissue damage. Tinnitus Sociocusis Ringing in the ears Secondary release of gamma, beta or Hearing loss due to non-occupational noise sources such as household noise, tv, radio, traffic, etc. Sensorineural Occupational exposure; permanent hearing loss that results from damage or malformation of the middle ear and auditory nerve. NIOSH duties/missing Under CDC, which is under HHS. Research, *recommend* regulation changes; testing & certification (esp. respiratory protection), training, investigations. NOT enforcement, but NIOSH has the same right of entry as OSHA. Bacteria v. virus v. protozoa Bacteria: single-celled, but not parasitic Protozoa: single-celled AND parasitic Virus: does not have all the components of a cell What happens when you inhale a large about of carbon dioxide? This is called hypercapnia. CO2 combines to blood cells instead of oxygen. Increased heart rate; rapid pulse; increase blood pressure; nausea vomiting. Carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms Flu-like symptoms -- headache, dizziness, weaknesses, vomiting, chest pain, confusion; you would NOT get blue lips & skin (cyanosis). 42 White complexion, nausea, headache, rapid pulse, low blood Heat exhaustion symptoms pressure, fatigue, confusion. Dry bulb thermometer Measures the air temperature, freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiant heat. By itself, a dry bulb thermometer will NOT measure radiant heat. Black globe thermometer Hollow copper sphere painted black to measure radiant energy from direct sunlight or other sources, such as machinery or hot structures. Have to wait 20 min for the transfer to take place. Variations in the types of effects when 2 chemicals react. Additive Effect: 3+5=8 Synergistic Effect: 3+5=30 Potentiating Effect: 0+5=15 Antagonistic Effect: 4+6=8 Res ipsa loquitur Independent Effect: 1 "The things speaks for itself" -- "thing" being negligence. Negligence is considered very obvious. The accident would not have happened if the defendant had exercised proper control. Example: a piano falling out of a window and injuring a person. SinA = CosA = TanA = a/c b/c a/b OHSAS 18001 Health & Safety Management System Standard. Purpose is to maintain continuous improvement in safety. Most misused hand tool Screwdriver 43 Hawthorne Effect A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied. Showed that people respond to both positive and negative forms of attention. Lifting index calculation Risk transfer LI = Load Weight / Recommended Weight Limit Insurance - reducing costs by transferring to another party. Kinesiology Study of human movement. Used in biomechanics, orthopedics; strength & conditioning; sport psychology; physical therapy What parts of the HAZCOM label are standardized? Pictograms; Hazard statements. There are 9 total parts -- the others are not standardized. Arc flash hazard categories Category 1: >1.2 to 4 Category 2: >4 to 8 Category 3: >8 to 25 Category 4: >25 to 40 From NFPA 70E Tort Units in cal/cm2 Signal words (Danger or Warning); Wrongful acts (or failures to provide due care) that do not involve contracts. Example: getting a grocery store floor wet and not notifying customers or barricading the area; someone slips and gets hurt. Foresee ability Reasonable anticipation that harm or injury is likely to result from an act or an omission to act. A normal person would have known the risk to exist and would have taken precautions to prevent. You're liable if you don't take those precautions. Important in product liability cases. RULA Rapid Upper Limb Assessment. Used to investigate exposure to risk for upper limb disorders. The results go into a wider assessment. 44 Staff safety professional's main role accountability for safety performance. Consult & influence. Helping line management accept Most important factors in determining whether an employee will work safely recognition, attitude. Important to reinforce positive employee actions. Weight density of water