Architecture and construction: building systems
Class 01: recap
- grammar of structural systems: systems of increasing complexity
- equilibrium:
requires closed
Cremona
- structure: system of
physical components
organised -> all loads
of building safe to
ground
- loads: - vector: free
vector: orient., direct., intens (length) -> bound vector (Force):point- action
- external forces: - live loads (non-permanent)
- snow loads
- wind loads
- earthquake
- collision
- internal forces: tension/ compression -> reaction to external forces
2. Cables: - cable w 1 load (+all subsystems)
-> design: required area: σ = F / A Stress
A = F / σ Area
which is A = F / f
- variation of load & geometry: - 2x as much force on the cable -> all forces x2
- mixed loads
3. arches
- dual structures: inverted cables
- cables arches: when stability problems -> asymmetric q
4. arch-cables
- > distribution - overview
- on two supports: single span to cantilevers
5. Trusses (vakwerken)
- simple arch-cable combo’s
- inner forces: node equilibrium starting from support
6. Beams
- trusses inside beams -> forces
7. Frames (raamwerken)
, 8. Spatial beams
- beam + slab
9. slabs
- folded slabs: truss inside – or- arches
10. walls and horizontal loads
- vertical loads: inner loads – cable-arches
- horizontal loads: depends – single load or line load
-> make opening - divert the loads
Class 02: steel I
Historical overview
-> most after renaissance – more documentation
- ca 1760: introduction cast iron as construction material Europe (mainly connectors)
-> 1779: first bridge full iron -> demonstrates what forces
- lot of structures replace steel-> fire resistance
<- Crystal palace, 1851: successful, efficient, repetitive
- once shapes ok -> repeat & build (trusses, framework,…)
- 19th century: mass production steel -> development high rise: steel x brick x elevator
- 20th century: “naked structures” – show structure (Mies VD Rohe)
- centre Pompidou: design cantilevers for structure
Mechanical properties
N = Axial force [N]
- Stress-strain diagram:
l = Initial length [mm]
A = Area of cross-section [mm2]
Δl = Elongation [mm] -> what is added
-> ε = Δl/l
-> σ = N/A
-> σ = E * ε
-> flat: ductility // fs,u: max strength
- elastic/ plastic behaviour:
-> all beyond 3 -> perm/ plastic deform -> Before: elastic
, - Mechanical properties: (kader *)
-> longer plateau – less elasticity
Building technologies
- standard steel profiles: RHS
!!!learn names!!!
-> compres
- modes of connection:
- riveted: klinknagel
- bolted: dominant – easy
- welded: expensive
riveted bolted welded
- fire protection strategies:
- fireproof envelope: wrap in non-burning material - standard
- (concrete or) intumescent coating: when looks – less important
-> thin -> expand w fire => effective, but scratches – damage
- corrosion protection strategies:
- paint
- zinc coating
- surface oxidation
Class 03: steel II
Case Study: House R128
- private house – show what’s possible
- structure on slope – regular slender steel structure w slabs / floating walkway
- ambition: attack different levels:
- Zero Energy Building: - ZERO energy from external sources
- Solar cells Self-sufficient
- Zero Emission Building: - ZERO carbon dioxide emissions
- Triple-glazing with high quality glass - No combustion-based
processes permitted in the building
- Zero Waste Building: - All building elements can be fully recycled (no disposal) //
Modularity // Joints
- works w structural modules - grid
Class 01: recap
- grammar of structural systems: systems of increasing complexity
- equilibrium:
requires closed
Cremona
- structure: system of
physical components
organised -> all loads
of building safe to
ground
- loads: - vector: free
vector: orient., direct., intens (length) -> bound vector (Force):point- action
- external forces: - live loads (non-permanent)
- snow loads
- wind loads
- earthquake
- collision
- internal forces: tension/ compression -> reaction to external forces
2. Cables: - cable w 1 load (+all subsystems)
-> design: required area: σ = F / A Stress
A = F / σ Area
which is A = F / f
- variation of load & geometry: - 2x as much force on the cable -> all forces x2
- mixed loads
3. arches
- dual structures: inverted cables
- cables arches: when stability problems -> asymmetric q
4. arch-cables
- > distribution - overview
- on two supports: single span to cantilevers
5. Trusses (vakwerken)
- simple arch-cable combo’s
- inner forces: node equilibrium starting from support
6. Beams
- trusses inside beams -> forces
7. Frames (raamwerken)
, 8. Spatial beams
- beam + slab
9. slabs
- folded slabs: truss inside – or- arches
10. walls and horizontal loads
- vertical loads: inner loads – cable-arches
- horizontal loads: depends – single load or line load
-> make opening - divert the loads
Class 02: steel I
Historical overview
-> most after renaissance – more documentation
- ca 1760: introduction cast iron as construction material Europe (mainly connectors)
-> 1779: first bridge full iron -> demonstrates what forces
- lot of structures replace steel-> fire resistance
<- Crystal palace, 1851: successful, efficient, repetitive
- once shapes ok -> repeat & build (trusses, framework,…)
- 19th century: mass production steel -> development high rise: steel x brick x elevator
- 20th century: “naked structures” – show structure (Mies VD Rohe)
- centre Pompidou: design cantilevers for structure
Mechanical properties
N = Axial force [N]
- Stress-strain diagram:
l = Initial length [mm]
A = Area of cross-section [mm2]
Δl = Elongation [mm] -> what is added
-> ε = Δl/l
-> σ = N/A
-> σ = E * ε
-> flat: ductility // fs,u: max strength
- elastic/ plastic behaviour:
-> all beyond 3 -> perm/ plastic deform -> Before: elastic
, - Mechanical properties: (kader *)
-> longer plateau – less elasticity
Building technologies
- standard steel profiles: RHS
!!!learn names!!!
-> compres
- modes of connection:
- riveted: klinknagel
- bolted: dominant – easy
- welded: expensive
riveted bolted welded
- fire protection strategies:
- fireproof envelope: wrap in non-burning material - standard
- (concrete or) intumescent coating: when looks – less important
-> thin -> expand w fire => effective, but scratches – damage
- corrosion protection strategies:
- paint
- zinc coating
- surface oxidation
Class 03: steel II
Case Study: House R128
- private house – show what’s possible
- structure on slope – regular slender steel structure w slabs / floating walkway
- ambition: attack different levels:
- Zero Energy Building: - ZERO energy from external sources
- Solar cells Self-sufficient
- Zero Emission Building: - ZERO carbon dioxide emissions
- Triple-glazing with high quality glass - No combustion-based
processes permitted in the building
- Zero Waste Building: - All building elements can be fully recycled (no disposal) //
Modularity // Joints
- works w structural modules - grid
