Advanced Pathology NR 507- final
exam Questions and Answers A+
Graded (2025)
Angle .of .His .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Creates .a .flap .valve .effect .to .prevent .reflux
.and .makes .gastro .esophageal .junction .longer .which .increases .the .pressure
GERD .(gastroesophageal .reflux .disease) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .digestive
.disease .in .which .stomach .acid .or .bile .irritates .the .food .pipe .lining.
Obesity .makes .the .angle .of .His .a .widened .angle .which .decreases .the .pressure
.at .the .gastro .esophageal .junction
big .fatty .meals .and .carbonation .stretches .the .stomach .out .which .thins .out .the
.muscles .around .the .stomach .which .decreases .the .pressure .on .the .flap .valve
Hypotonic .lower .esophageal .sphincter .also .allows .reflux, .as .well .as .hiatal
.hernia, .gastroparesis, .and .obesity
heartburn .and .regurgitation .are .typical .symptoms
chest .pain, .hoarseness, .cough, .asthma, .and .globus .(lump .in .throat) .are .atypical
.for .classic .GERD
Associated .symptoms .are .dyspepsia, .epigastric .pain, .bloating, .belching, .and
.nausea
H.Pylori .bacteria .is .associated .with .GERD
Barrett's .esophagus .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-caused .by .exposure .to .enzymes
.coming .from .the .stomach .- .stomach .acid .does .not .cause .this .- .so .can .have
.non-acid .reflux .Barrett's .esophagus
diaphram .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .muscle .that .separates .the .chest .from .the
.abdominal .cavity
also .makes .up .the .lower .esophageal .sphincter
,The .top .1/3 .of .the .esophagus .is .______________ .muscle. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
skeletal .muscle
the .middle .of .the .esophagus .muscle .is .made .up .of...muscle .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-skeletal .and .smooth .muscle
the .bottom .1/3 .of .the .esophagus .is .made .up .of....muscle .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
smooth .muscle
simple .obstruction .of .the .GI .tract .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-result .from .the
.blockage .of .the .intestine. .
Causes .of .simple .obstructions .include .adhesions, .hernias, .tumors, .or .even
.ingestion .of .inorganic .objects .that .become .lodged .within .the .intestine. .
intussusception, .or .the .telescoping .of .the .intestinal .wall .onto .itself, .is .more
.common .in .children .less .than .2 .years .of .age, .
surgical .adhesions .are .more .common .in .adults. .
Ingestion .of .objects .that .result .in .simple .obstructions .are .more .common .during
.the .toddler .years. .
Functional .obstructions .occur .because .of .a .lack .of .gut .motility, .such .as .during
.a .paralytic .ileus
peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-ulcer .formation .in .the .GI .tract .that
.affects .the .lining .of .the .stomach .(gastric .ulcer) .or .duodenum .(duodenal .ulcer)
.or .lower .part .of .the .esophagus .(esophageal .ulcer)
.
form .due .to .gastric .acid .and .pepsin .and .the .breakdown .of .the .stomach .lining
Risk .factors .for .developing .PUD .include:
NSAID .use.
Age .greater .than .65 .years.
Genetic .predisposition.
Alcohol .ingestion.
the .role .of .the .stomach .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-to .liquify .food .by .churning .it .and
.using .enzymes .and .acid .to .assist .in .the .breakdown
pylorus .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .muscle .like .structure .that .squeezes .food .down
.into .the .duodenum
can .become .scarred .and .lead .to .obstruction .with .gastric .ulcers
the .mucosa .layer .of .the .stomach .lining .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-secrets .mucosa
.rich .in .bicarbonate .- .it .protects .the .lining .of .the .stomach .from .acid .
has .gastric .pits .that .contain .parietal .cells, .chief .cells, .and .G-cells
,parietal .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-secrete .HCl .(hydrochloric .acid) .and .intrinsic
.factor
chief .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-secrete .pepsinogen, .which .is .converted .to
.pepsin .via .the .action .of .hydrochloric .acid
G-cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-releases .gastrin
submucosa .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-on .top .of .mucosa
contains .connective .tissue, .nerves, .and .vessels
Muscularis .Externa .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-on .top .of .the .submucosa
three .smooth .muscle .layers: .aid .in .peristalysis
serosa .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-on .top .of .muscularis .externa
outer .layer .of .connective .tissue .that .connects .to .organs
Good .and .Bad .key .players .in .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Good:
."defense .system"
bicarb .= .coats .and .protects .cells
prostaglandins .= .regulates .perfusion .to .stomach .and .mucus .to .release .bicarb,
.controls .acid .amount .secreted .by .parietal .cells
Bad: ."toxic .system"
ulcer .(H. .Pylori, .NSAIDs, .etc) .= .acid .penetrates .mucosa .= .histamine .released .=
.parietal .cells .release .even .more .HCL .acid .= .more .stomach .irritation
HCL .acid .via .parietal .cells .+ .Pepsinogen .via .chief .cells .= .pepsin
Heliobacter .pylori .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-spiral .shaped .bacteria .that .is .the .cause
.of .most .gastric .ulcers
produces .urease .which .breaks .down .urea .= .ammonia .& .carbon .dioxide .=
.neutralizes .acid .and .breaks .down .mucosa
spreads .through .oral/oral .or .oral/fecal
NSAIDs .effect .on .gastric .system .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-decreases .production .of
.prostaglandins .= .impacts .the .health .of .the .stomach
Zollinger-Ellison .syndrome .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Gastrin-secreting .tumor
.associated .with .ulcers .= .increased .stomach .acid
signs .and .symptoms .of .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Indigestion
.& .epigastric .pain .(burning, .gnawing .or .dull)
, Gastric .= .eating .food .makes .it .worse .(1-2hrs .after), .pain .= .dull .& .aching,
.weightloss, .sever: .vomit .= .coffee .grounds .or .frank .red .blood
Duodenal .= .eating .food .makes .it .better .(3-4 .hours .after), .wake .in .the .middle .of
.night .with .pain, .gnawing .pain, .severe: .tarry .dark .stool
diagnosing .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-scope .of .the .stomach
upper .GI .series: .drink .barium .to .coat .upper .GI .tract
CT .scan .of .abdomen .with .contrast .
H. .Pylori .= .blood .test, .stool .test, .Urea .breath .test
Urea .breath .test .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Patient .ingests .Urea .with .radio .labeled
.Carbon
Measures .exhaled .radio .labeled .Carbon
Complications .of .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-GI .bleeding .=
.erodes .a .hole .in .stomach .= .perforation .= .peritonitis .
bowel .blockage .@ .pylorus .from .chronic .ulceration
increased .risk .for .GI .cancer
treatments .for .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-PPIs, .H2 .receptor
.blockers, .antibiotics, .antacids, .bismuth .subsalicylates
severe .cases .with .complications: .vagotomy, .pyloroplasty, .gastric .resection
vagotomy .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cutting .of .certain .branches .of .the .vagus .nerve,
.to .reduce .the .amount .of .HCL .produced .by .the .gut
pyloroplasty .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-surgical .repair .of .the .pylorus
gastric .resection .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-partial .removal .and .repair .of .the
.stomach
-watch .for .dumping .syndrome .= .cant .regulate .movement .of .food .effectively .=
.enters .too .fast .into .intestines .= .food .acts .hypertonically .pulling .water .from
.blood .(early) .and .(late) .rich .in .carbs .& .sugar .= .pancreas .releases .insulin .=
.hypoglycemia
Chrones .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .form .of .inflammatory .bowel .disease,
.symptoms .include .Crampy .abdominal .(right .lower .quadrant .area) .pain .Fever
.Fatigue .Loss .of .appetite .Pain .with .passing .stool .(tenesmus) .Persistent, .watery
.diarrhea .Unintentional .weight .loss .- .can .occur .throughout .the .digestive .system
.- .from .mouth .to .anus. .Non-continuous .manner .= .skip .lesion
most .often .found .in .terminal .illium, .colon, .and .other .areas .of .small .intestine
exam Questions and Answers A+
Graded (2025)
Angle .of .His .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Creates .a .flap .valve .effect .to .prevent .reflux
.and .makes .gastro .esophageal .junction .longer .which .increases .the .pressure
GERD .(gastroesophageal .reflux .disease) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .digestive
.disease .in .which .stomach .acid .or .bile .irritates .the .food .pipe .lining.
Obesity .makes .the .angle .of .His .a .widened .angle .which .decreases .the .pressure
.at .the .gastro .esophageal .junction
big .fatty .meals .and .carbonation .stretches .the .stomach .out .which .thins .out .the
.muscles .around .the .stomach .which .decreases .the .pressure .on .the .flap .valve
Hypotonic .lower .esophageal .sphincter .also .allows .reflux, .as .well .as .hiatal
.hernia, .gastroparesis, .and .obesity
heartburn .and .regurgitation .are .typical .symptoms
chest .pain, .hoarseness, .cough, .asthma, .and .globus .(lump .in .throat) .are .atypical
.for .classic .GERD
Associated .symptoms .are .dyspepsia, .epigastric .pain, .bloating, .belching, .and
.nausea
H.Pylori .bacteria .is .associated .with .GERD
Barrett's .esophagus .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-caused .by .exposure .to .enzymes
.coming .from .the .stomach .- .stomach .acid .does .not .cause .this .- .so .can .have
.non-acid .reflux .Barrett's .esophagus
diaphram .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .muscle .that .separates .the .chest .from .the
.abdominal .cavity
also .makes .up .the .lower .esophageal .sphincter
,The .top .1/3 .of .the .esophagus .is .______________ .muscle. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
skeletal .muscle
the .middle .of .the .esophagus .muscle .is .made .up .of...muscle .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-skeletal .and .smooth .muscle
the .bottom .1/3 .of .the .esophagus .is .made .up .of....muscle .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
smooth .muscle
simple .obstruction .of .the .GI .tract .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-result .from .the
.blockage .of .the .intestine. .
Causes .of .simple .obstructions .include .adhesions, .hernias, .tumors, .or .even
.ingestion .of .inorganic .objects .that .become .lodged .within .the .intestine. .
intussusception, .or .the .telescoping .of .the .intestinal .wall .onto .itself, .is .more
.common .in .children .less .than .2 .years .of .age, .
surgical .adhesions .are .more .common .in .adults. .
Ingestion .of .objects .that .result .in .simple .obstructions .are .more .common .during
.the .toddler .years. .
Functional .obstructions .occur .because .of .a .lack .of .gut .motility, .such .as .during
.a .paralytic .ileus
peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-ulcer .formation .in .the .GI .tract .that
.affects .the .lining .of .the .stomach .(gastric .ulcer) .or .duodenum .(duodenal .ulcer)
.or .lower .part .of .the .esophagus .(esophageal .ulcer)
.
form .due .to .gastric .acid .and .pepsin .and .the .breakdown .of .the .stomach .lining
Risk .factors .for .developing .PUD .include:
NSAID .use.
Age .greater .than .65 .years.
Genetic .predisposition.
Alcohol .ingestion.
the .role .of .the .stomach .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-to .liquify .food .by .churning .it .and
.using .enzymes .and .acid .to .assist .in .the .breakdown
pylorus .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .muscle .like .structure .that .squeezes .food .down
.into .the .duodenum
can .become .scarred .and .lead .to .obstruction .with .gastric .ulcers
the .mucosa .layer .of .the .stomach .lining .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-secrets .mucosa
.rich .in .bicarbonate .- .it .protects .the .lining .of .the .stomach .from .acid .
has .gastric .pits .that .contain .parietal .cells, .chief .cells, .and .G-cells
,parietal .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-secrete .HCl .(hydrochloric .acid) .and .intrinsic
.factor
chief .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-secrete .pepsinogen, .which .is .converted .to
.pepsin .via .the .action .of .hydrochloric .acid
G-cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-releases .gastrin
submucosa .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-on .top .of .mucosa
contains .connective .tissue, .nerves, .and .vessels
Muscularis .Externa .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-on .top .of .the .submucosa
three .smooth .muscle .layers: .aid .in .peristalysis
serosa .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-on .top .of .muscularis .externa
outer .layer .of .connective .tissue .that .connects .to .organs
Good .and .Bad .key .players .in .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Good:
."defense .system"
bicarb .= .coats .and .protects .cells
prostaglandins .= .regulates .perfusion .to .stomach .and .mucus .to .release .bicarb,
.controls .acid .amount .secreted .by .parietal .cells
Bad: ."toxic .system"
ulcer .(H. .Pylori, .NSAIDs, .etc) .= .acid .penetrates .mucosa .= .histamine .released .=
.parietal .cells .release .even .more .HCL .acid .= .more .stomach .irritation
HCL .acid .via .parietal .cells .+ .Pepsinogen .via .chief .cells .= .pepsin
Heliobacter .pylori .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-spiral .shaped .bacteria .that .is .the .cause
.of .most .gastric .ulcers
produces .urease .which .breaks .down .urea .= .ammonia .& .carbon .dioxide .=
.neutralizes .acid .and .breaks .down .mucosa
spreads .through .oral/oral .or .oral/fecal
NSAIDs .effect .on .gastric .system .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-decreases .production .of
.prostaglandins .= .impacts .the .health .of .the .stomach
Zollinger-Ellison .syndrome .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Gastrin-secreting .tumor
.associated .with .ulcers .= .increased .stomach .acid
signs .and .symptoms .of .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Indigestion
.& .epigastric .pain .(burning, .gnawing .or .dull)
, Gastric .= .eating .food .makes .it .worse .(1-2hrs .after), .pain .= .dull .& .aching,
.weightloss, .sever: .vomit .= .coffee .grounds .or .frank .red .blood
Duodenal .= .eating .food .makes .it .better .(3-4 .hours .after), .wake .in .the .middle .of
.night .with .pain, .gnawing .pain, .severe: .tarry .dark .stool
diagnosing .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-scope .of .the .stomach
upper .GI .series: .drink .barium .to .coat .upper .GI .tract
CT .scan .of .abdomen .with .contrast .
H. .Pylori .= .blood .test, .stool .test, .Urea .breath .test
Urea .breath .test .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Patient .ingests .Urea .with .radio .labeled
.Carbon
Measures .exhaled .radio .labeled .Carbon
Complications .of .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-GI .bleeding .=
.erodes .a .hole .in .stomach .= .perforation .= .peritonitis .
bowel .blockage .@ .pylorus .from .chronic .ulceration
increased .risk .for .GI .cancer
treatments .for .peptic .ulcer .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-PPIs, .H2 .receptor
.blockers, .antibiotics, .antacids, .bismuth .subsalicylates
severe .cases .with .complications: .vagotomy, .pyloroplasty, .gastric .resection
vagotomy .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cutting .of .certain .branches .of .the .vagus .nerve,
.to .reduce .the .amount .of .HCL .produced .by .the .gut
pyloroplasty .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-surgical .repair .of .the .pylorus
gastric .resection .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-partial .removal .and .repair .of .the
.stomach
-watch .for .dumping .syndrome .= .cant .regulate .movement .of .food .effectively .=
.enters .too .fast .into .intestines .= .food .acts .hypertonically .pulling .water .from
.blood .(early) .and .(late) .rich .in .carbs .& .sugar .= .pancreas .releases .insulin .=
.hypoglycemia
Chrones .disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .form .of .inflammatory .bowel .disease,
.symptoms .include .Crampy .abdominal .(right .lower .quadrant .area) .pain .Fever
.Fatigue .Loss .of .appetite .Pain .with .passing .stool .(tenesmus) .Persistent, .watery
.diarrhea .Unintentional .weight .loss .- .can .occur .throughout .the .digestive .system
.- .from .mouth .to .anus. .Non-continuous .manner .= .skip .lesion
most .often .found .in .terminal .illium, .colon, .and .other .areas .of .small .intestine
