H1
Werk = een activiteit dat iets waardevols oplevert voor andere mensen. All activity involving
mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result.
Werk biedt een mate van economisch inkomen, sociale omgeving, sociale status, eigenwaarde
en identiteit. Zonder dit voelen individuen zich machteloos, zinloos en normloos =
vervreemding.
Industrieel concurrentievermogen = The ability to provide products and services more effectively
and efficiently than competitors
Als manager moet je omgaan met de challenges van internationale competitie, nieuwe
technologie, opkomende kwaliteit, motiveren en commitment van werknemers, diversiteit op de
werkvloer en ethisch gedrag.
Management = process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the activities of
employees in combination with other resources to accomplish organizational goals.
Managerial responsibilities include longrange planning, controlling, environmental scanning,
supervision, coordination, customer relations, community relations, internal consulting, and
monitoring of products and services.
Managers hebben technische skills, mensen relatie skills en conceptuele skills nodig. Op
verschillende levels:
- Middle management = the middle of the hierarchy, are responsible for major departments and
may supervise other lowerlevel managers. Alle skills gemiddeld
- first-line management = supervise rank-and-file employees and carry out day-to-day activities
within departments. Vooral technische en mensen relatie skills.
- executive management = the top of the hierarchy and are responsible for the entire
organization, especially its strategic direction. Vooral conceptuele skills
Organizational behavior = The study of the actions and attitudes of individuals and groups
toward one another and toward the organization as a whole.
Micro = focus on individual and group dynamics within an organization.
Macro = organization theory = research steps back and looks at an organization as a whole.
Model of management en organizational behaviour: een
bedrijf heeft effect van inputs. Binnen het bedrijf
individuen die bijdragen aan tasks and technology,
organization design (= A formal methodology that
identifies dysfunctional aspects of workflow,
procedures, structures and systems, and then realigns
them to fit current business goals and develops plans to
implement change )en organizational processes (= The
activities that establish the business goals of the
organization and develop processes, product and
resource assets that when used will help to achieve
business goals). Worden bij elkaar gehouden door
management.
,H2
Abilities and skills generally represent those physical and intellectual characteristics that are
relatively stable over time and that help determine an employee’s capability to respond.
Mental abilities = individual’s intellectual capabilities and are closely linked to how a person
makes decisions and processes information. Included here are such factors as verbal
comprehension, inductive reasoning, and memory.
Key aspect is cognitive complexity = repesents a person’s capacity to acquire and sort through
various pieces of information from the environment and organize them in such a way that they
make sense.
Physical abilities = Basic functional abilities such as strength, and psychomotor abilities such as
manual dexterity, eye-hand coordination, and manipulation skills.
Personality = A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those communalities
and differences in the psychological behavior (thoughts, feelings, and actions) of people that
have continuity in time and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and
biological pressures of the moment.”
Wanneer gekeken wordt naar erfelijkheid en omgeving 5 categoriën: Physiological-, cultural-,
family and social group-, role-, situational determinants. → heeft invloed op onze
persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.
Persoonlijkheidsverschillen bij:
1. Self-esteem can be defined as one’s opinion or belief about one’s self and self-worth. It
is how we see ourselves as individuals
2. Locus of control refers to the tendency among individuals to attribute the events
affecting their lives either to their own actions or to external forces; it is a measure of
how much you think you control your own destiny.
Internal = tend to attribute successes their own abilities and efforts
external = tend to attribute things that happen tot them caused by someone or
something else
3. Introverts tend to focus their energies inwardly and have a greater sensitivity to abstract
feelings, whereas extroverts direct more of their attention to other people, objects, and
events.
4. Authoritarianism refers to an individual’s orientation toward authority.
Dogmatism refers to a particular cognitive style that is characterized by closed-
mindedness and inflexibility.
5. Dependability: Individuals who are seen as self-reliant, responsible, and consistent, are
viewed as dependable
Basic incongruity thesis = Consists of three parts: what
individuals want from organizations, what organizations want
from individuals, and how these two potentially conflicting sets of
desires are harmonized.
Instrumental values = represent those values concerning the way we approach end-states and
whether individuals believe in ambition, cleanliness, honesty, or obedience.
Terminal values = end-state goals that we prize. Included here are such things as a comfortable
life, a sense of accomplishment, equality among all people, and so forth.
, Served by the existence of personal values in organizations: (1) values serve as standards of
behavior for determining a correct course of action; (2) values serve as guidelines for decision-
making and conflict resolution; and (3) values serve as an influence on employee motivation.
Ethical behaviour = ethics = Values that help us determine appropriate standards of behavior
and place limits on our behavior both inside and outside the organization.
work ethic = Refers to the strength of one’s commitment and dedication to hard work, both as an
end in itself and as a means to future rewards
Culture = the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one
human group from another; the interactive aggregate of common characteristics that influences
a human group’s response to its environment. It is something that is shared by all or most of the
members of a society, Something that older members of a society attempt to pass along to
younger members, Something that shapes our view of the world.
Culture affects the workplace because it affects what we do and how we behave. Cultural
variations influence our values, which in turn affect attitudes and, ultimately, behaviors.
Dimensions of culture:
1. How people view humanity
2. How people see nature
3. How people approach interpersonal relationships.
4. How people view activity and achievement.
5. How people view time.
6. How people view space.
Werk = een activiteit dat iets waardevols oplevert voor andere mensen. All activity involving
mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result.
Werk biedt een mate van economisch inkomen, sociale omgeving, sociale status, eigenwaarde
en identiteit. Zonder dit voelen individuen zich machteloos, zinloos en normloos =
vervreemding.
Industrieel concurrentievermogen = The ability to provide products and services more effectively
and efficiently than competitors
Als manager moet je omgaan met de challenges van internationale competitie, nieuwe
technologie, opkomende kwaliteit, motiveren en commitment van werknemers, diversiteit op de
werkvloer en ethisch gedrag.
Management = process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the activities of
employees in combination with other resources to accomplish organizational goals.
Managerial responsibilities include longrange planning, controlling, environmental scanning,
supervision, coordination, customer relations, community relations, internal consulting, and
monitoring of products and services.
Managers hebben technische skills, mensen relatie skills en conceptuele skills nodig. Op
verschillende levels:
- Middle management = the middle of the hierarchy, are responsible for major departments and
may supervise other lowerlevel managers. Alle skills gemiddeld
- first-line management = supervise rank-and-file employees and carry out day-to-day activities
within departments. Vooral technische en mensen relatie skills.
- executive management = the top of the hierarchy and are responsible for the entire
organization, especially its strategic direction. Vooral conceptuele skills
Organizational behavior = The study of the actions and attitudes of individuals and groups
toward one another and toward the organization as a whole.
Micro = focus on individual and group dynamics within an organization.
Macro = organization theory = research steps back and looks at an organization as a whole.
Model of management en organizational behaviour: een
bedrijf heeft effect van inputs. Binnen het bedrijf
individuen die bijdragen aan tasks and technology,
organization design (= A formal methodology that
identifies dysfunctional aspects of workflow,
procedures, structures and systems, and then realigns
them to fit current business goals and develops plans to
implement change )en organizational processes (= The
activities that establish the business goals of the
organization and develop processes, product and
resource assets that when used will help to achieve
business goals). Worden bij elkaar gehouden door
management.
,H2
Abilities and skills generally represent those physical and intellectual characteristics that are
relatively stable over time and that help determine an employee’s capability to respond.
Mental abilities = individual’s intellectual capabilities and are closely linked to how a person
makes decisions and processes information. Included here are such factors as verbal
comprehension, inductive reasoning, and memory.
Key aspect is cognitive complexity = repesents a person’s capacity to acquire and sort through
various pieces of information from the environment and organize them in such a way that they
make sense.
Physical abilities = Basic functional abilities such as strength, and psychomotor abilities such as
manual dexterity, eye-hand coordination, and manipulation skills.
Personality = A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those communalities
and differences in the psychological behavior (thoughts, feelings, and actions) of people that
have continuity in time and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and
biological pressures of the moment.”
Wanneer gekeken wordt naar erfelijkheid en omgeving 5 categoriën: Physiological-, cultural-,
family and social group-, role-, situational determinants. → heeft invloed op onze
persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.
Persoonlijkheidsverschillen bij:
1. Self-esteem can be defined as one’s opinion or belief about one’s self and self-worth. It
is how we see ourselves as individuals
2. Locus of control refers to the tendency among individuals to attribute the events
affecting their lives either to their own actions or to external forces; it is a measure of
how much you think you control your own destiny.
Internal = tend to attribute successes their own abilities and efforts
external = tend to attribute things that happen tot them caused by someone or
something else
3. Introverts tend to focus their energies inwardly and have a greater sensitivity to abstract
feelings, whereas extroverts direct more of their attention to other people, objects, and
events.
4. Authoritarianism refers to an individual’s orientation toward authority.
Dogmatism refers to a particular cognitive style that is characterized by closed-
mindedness and inflexibility.
5. Dependability: Individuals who are seen as self-reliant, responsible, and consistent, are
viewed as dependable
Basic incongruity thesis = Consists of three parts: what
individuals want from organizations, what organizations want
from individuals, and how these two potentially conflicting sets of
desires are harmonized.
Instrumental values = represent those values concerning the way we approach end-states and
whether individuals believe in ambition, cleanliness, honesty, or obedience.
Terminal values = end-state goals that we prize. Included here are such things as a comfortable
life, a sense of accomplishment, equality among all people, and so forth.
, Served by the existence of personal values in organizations: (1) values serve as standards of
behavior for determining a correct course of action; (2) values serve as guidelines for decision-
making and conflict resolution; and (3) values serve as an influence on employee motivation.
Ethical behaviour = ethics = Values that help us determine appropriate standards of behavior
and place limits on our behavior both inside and outside the organization.
work ethic = Refers to the strength of one’s commitment and dedication to hard work, both as an
end in itself and as a means to future rewards
Culture = the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one
human group from another; the interactive aggregate of common characteristics that influences
a human group’s response to its environment. It is something that is shared by all or most of the
members of a society, Something that older members of a society attempt to pass along to
younger members, Something that shapes our view of the world.
Culture affects the workplace because it affects what we do and how we behave. Cultural
variations influence our values, which in turn affect attitudes and, ultimately, behaviors.
Dimensions of culture:
1. How people view humanity
2. How people see nature
3. How people approach interpersonal relationships.
4. How people view activity and achievement.
5. How people view time.
6. How people view space.
