8/16/25, 2:09 AM Nagelhout Chapter 15: Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution…
Nagelhout Chapter 15: Chemistry and Physics for Nurse
Anesthesia EXAM comprehensive questions and verified
accurate solution (detailed & elaborated) 2025 TEST
A body in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted
Newton's First Law
upon by another force
Force = Mass x Acceleration
Newton's Second Law
For every action force there is an equal and opposite
Newtons third law
reaction force
Following an action potential the Na+ voltage gates
close and K+ voltage gates open allowing K+ to
escape; The escape of K+ (Cations) creates a net
Membrane repolarization
negative interior returning the membrane to its
negative resting potential. Hyperpolarization
membrane potential below resting potential is due to
prolonged opening of K+ channel gate
Due to the high solubility of N2O Open globe injuries
Middle ear procedures Obstructed bowel Pneumothorax
N2O contraindications
the contribution each gas in a mixture of gases makes
partial pressure
to the total pressure; Also known as Tension
Value for the permeability of a substance; The smaller
Permeability coefficient
the number the less permeable (or slower to move
through membrane)
Na+; Ca++; Cl-
Ions with increased
extracellular
concentrations:
K+; Mg (also Proteins; Amino Acids; Phosphates)
Ions with increased
intracellular concentrations
Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
… 1/1
0
, 8/16/25, 2:09 AM Nagelhout Chapter 15: Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution…
(DOWN concentration gradient); NO additional energy
required; Kinetic energy).
diffusion of a solute through a membrane WITHOUT
Simple diffusion
carrier protein (however, possibly with a channel
PRO); NO energy required. (Think Lipid-soluble
molecules)
Channel- open channel simple diffusion; No limitations
Carrier - bonds to PRO for passage -facilitated
Diffusion Proteins
diffusion; Limited by the VMax of carrier protein
Primary Active Transport: Occurs AGAINST
concentration gradient (or up concentration gradient
known as an antiporter i.e Na+-K+-ATP PUMP);
REQUIRES energy (ATP);
Active Transport Secondary Active Transport: Indirect use of Energy
(created by electrochemical gradient; Usually by Na+
moving down the concentration gradient). Also
Ca++pumps and H+ pumps which use their respective
enzymes for energy.
K+; Mg++; Phosphates; Amino acids; Proteins
Ions with high intracellular
concentrations:
Rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is
proportional to tension gradient (pressure gradient)
Fick's Law
Diffusion of a gas is proportional to its solubility
The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a
Solubility
given temperature and pressure (for anesthesia think
of gas dissolved into a liquid)
Converting Fahrenheit to F= (9/5)C+ 32
Celsius
… 2/1
0
Nagelhout Chapter 15: Chemistry and Physics for Nurse
Anesthesia EXAM comprehensive questions and verified
accurate solution (detailed & elaborated) 2025 TEST
A body in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted
Newton's First Law
upon by another force
Force = Mass x Acceleration
Newton's Second Law
For every action force there is an equal and opposite
Newtons third law
reaction force
Following an action potential the Na+ voltage gates
close and K+ voltage gates open allowing K+ to
escape; The escape of K+ (Cations) creates a net
Membrane repolarization
negative interior returning the membrane to its
negative resting potential. Hyperpolarization
membrane potential below resting potential is due to
prolonged opening of K+ channel gate
Due to the high solubility of N2O Open globe injuries
Middle ear procedures Obstructed bowel Pneumothorax
N2O contraindications
the contribution each gas in a mixture of gases makes
partial pressure
to the total pressure; Also known as Tension
Value for the permeability of a substance; The smaller
Permeability coefficient
the number the less permeable (or slower to move
through membrane)
Na+; Ca++; Cl-
Ions with increased
extracellular
concentrations:
K+; Mg (also Proteins; Amino Acids; Phosphates)
Ions with increased
intracellular concentrations
Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
… 1/1
0
, 8/16/25, 2:09 AM Nagelhout Chapter 15: Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution…
(DOWN concentration gradient); NO additional energy
required; Kinetic energy).
diffusion of a solute through a membrane WITHOUT
Simple diffusion
carrier protein (however, possibly with a channel
PRO); NO energy required. (Think Lipid-soluble
molecules)
Channel- open channel simple diffusion; No limitations
Carrier - bonds to PRO for passage -facilitated
Diffusion Proteins
diffusion; Limited by the VMax of carrier protein
Primary Active Transport: Occurs AGAINST
concentration gradient (or up concentration gradient
known as an antiporter i.e Na+-K+-ATP PUMP);
REQUIRES energy (ATP);
Active Transport Secondary Active Transport: Indirect use of Energy
(created by electrochemical gradient; Usually by Na+
moving down the concentration gradient). Also
Ca++pumps and H+ pumps which use their respective
enzymes for energy.
K+; Mg++; Phosphates; Amino acids; Proteins
Ions with high intracellular
concentrations:
Rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is
proportional to tension gradient (pressure gradient)
Fick's Law
Diffusion of a gas is proportional to its solubility
The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a
Solubility
given temperature and pressure (for anesthesia think
of gas dissolved into a liquid)
Converting Fahrenheit to F= (9/5)C+ 32
Celsius
… 2/1
0
