MCB 4271 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS
True or False: All antibacterial drugs are antibiotics. - answer False
When was the first antibiotic discovered? - answer 1928
Antimicrobial resistance - answer The ability of a microbe to stop an antimicrobial from
working against it, resulting in standard treatments becoming ineffective and infections
becoming persistent.
What types of organisms can cause AMR? - answer Bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites,
pests, weeds
What's a type of "resistance" found in humans? - answer Cancers being resistant to
chemotherapy
Community-acquired infection - answer Infection acquired in the community (gym,
subway, classroom, etc.), not in a hospital
Nosocomial infections - answer Hospital acquired infections (nursing home, clinic, etc.)
Most AMR infections are ___. - answer Community-acquired
Most deaths due to AMR infections are ___. - answer Nosocomial
AMR occurs ___. - answer Naturally
AMR leads to: - answer Longer hospital stays, higher medical costs, increased mortality
Describe the trend in percentage of ABR infections. - answer Annually, the number of
bacterial infections stays pretty constant; percentage of ABR infections keeps
increasing.
How does ABR lead to higher medical costs? - answer 1. Cost of prescription antibiotics
2. Prolonged hospital stays
3. Additional diagnostics/lab tests
4. Need to hire specialists
Describe the relationship between numbers of resistant bacteria and numbers of novel
antibiotics. - answer Resistant bacteria - increasing
Antibiotics - almost 0
,How long does it take for an antibiotic to develop clinical resistance? - answer 8 years
What are 7 major factors contributing to AMR in healthcare? - answer 1. Misuse of
antibiotics
2. Use of antibiotics in healthcare
3. Lack of antibiotics (untreated person with resistant bacteria poses a risk to others)
4. Poor sanitation/personal hygiene
5. Inadequate infection controls in healthcare settings
6. Limiting exposure to microbes
7. Antimicrobials in personal hygiene products
What are 3 factors contributing to antibiotic misuse? - answer 1. Underuse - not finishing
prescriptions
2. Use - using antibiotics increases risks for other infections (e.g., C. diff)
3. Overuse - 25 to 75% prescriptions; given when not needed, continued when not
necessary, wrong dose, wrong antibiotic
Describe how population growth leads to antibiotic resistance. - answer Increase in
global population --> increase in food demand --> increased animal farming -->
increased disease transmission on farms --> increased use of antibiotics --> increased
ABR --> increased probability of humans encountering low levels of antibiotics -->
increased ABR
What are 2 reasons for antibiotics being used for farming? - answer 1. Growth
promoters - either inhibit gut bacteria, which leads to increased energy uptake, or kill
pathogenic bacteria, resulting in more energy for growth
2. Infection control - cheaper than hygiene controls
When were antibiotics approved for use as growth promoters in poultry, beef, and pork
industries? - answer 1951
How much of the antibiotics in the US are used for animals? - answer 70%
,What is the leading driver of ABR? - answer Antibiotics used in agriculture
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) - answer A method of identifying bacterial isolates
by directly measuring the DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes
E. faecalis ST16 - answer Gentamicin-resistant strains detected in pig populations in
Denmark; later, 2 patients had community-acquired infections and died.
The study found that what 3 things can be spread on the wind? - answer Antibiotics,
bacteria, and resistance genes
4 consequences of antibiotic use in farm animals - answer 1. Enhanced development of
resistance to antibiotics
2. Transmission of resistant bacteria to humans
3. Contamination of the environment by air particulates that carry antibiotics, resistance
genes, and bacteria
4. Emergence of novel antibiotic resistance mechanisms
5 consequences of antibiotic use in farm animals on human health - answer 1. Increased
morbidity/mortality
2. Reduced efficacy of human antibiotics
3. Increased healthcare costs
4. Increased potential for global spread of resistance
5. Facilitated emergence of resistance in human pathogens
True or False: The FDA banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. - answer
True
2 reasons that it's difficult to eliminate antibiotic use on farms - answer 1. Very easy,
, uncontrolled access
2. Loss of money to farms/farming companies/pharmaceuticals
What are major reservoirs of ABR in the environment? Which 3 of these are the most
important? - answer *Food animals
*Pets
*Humans
Wild animals
Soil/water/produce
How can antibiotic resistant bacteria be transmitted through the air? - answer On
aerosols; on solid particles
7 sources of bacteria in the air - answer 1. Humans/animals
2. Fecal matter
3. Wastewater
4. Soil
5. Leaves
6. Water
7. Composting facilities
CFU - answer A unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria under the
assumption that a single bacterium will form a single colony.
Where is the highest density of ABR bacteria? - answer The soil
True or False: ABR bacteria occur naturally in the soil. - answer True
ACCURATE ANSWERS
True or False: All antibacterial drugs are antibiotics. - answer False
When was the first antibiotic discovered? - answer 1928
Antimicrobial resistance - answer The ability of a microbe to stop an antimicrobial from
working against it, resulting in standard treatments becoming ineffective and infections
becoming persistent.
What types of organisms can cause AMR? - answer Bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites,
pests, weeds
What's a type of "resistance" found in humans? - answer Cancers being resistant to
chemotherapy
Community-acquired infection - answer Infection acquired in the community (gym,
subway, classroom, etc.), not in a hospital
Nosocomial infections - answer Hospital acquired infections (nursing home, clinic, etc.)
Most AMR infections are ___. - answer Community-acquired
Most deaths due to AMR infections are ___. - answer Nosocomial
AMR occurs ___. - answer Naturally
AMR leads to: - answer Longer hospital stays, higher medical costs, increased mortality
Describe the trend in percentage of ABR infections. - answer Annually, the number of
bacterial infections stays pretty constant; percentage of ABR infections keeps
increasing.
How does ABR lead to higher medical costs? - answer 1. Cost of prescription antibiotics
2. Prolonged hospital stays
3. Additional diagnostics/lab tests
4. Need to hire specialists
Describe the relationship between numbers of resistant bacteria and numbers of novel
antibiotics. - answer Resistant bacteria - increasing
Antibiotics - almost 0
,How long does it take for an antibiotic to develop clinical resistance? - answer 8 years
What are 7 major factors contributing to AMR in healthcare? - answer 1. Misuse of
antibiotics
2. Use of antibiotics in healthcare
3. Lack of antibiotics (untreated person with resistant bacteria poses a risk to others)
4. Poor sanitation/personal hygiene
5. Inadequate infection controls in healthcare settings
6. Limiting exposure to microbes
7. Antimicrobials in personal hygiene products
What are 3 factors contributing to antibiotic misuse? - answer 1. Underuse - not finishing
prescriptions
2. Use - using antibiotics increases risks for other infections (e.g., C. diff)
3. Overuse - 25 to 75% prescriptions; given when not needed, continued when not
necessary, wrong dose, wrong antibiotic
Describe how population growth leads to antibiotic resistance. - answer Increase in
global population --> increase in food demand --> increased animal farming -->
increased disease transmission on farms --> increased use of antibiotics --> increased
ABR --> increased probability of humans encountering low levels of antibiotics -->
increased ABR
What are 2 reasons for antibiotics being used for farming? - answer 1. Growth
promoters - either inhibit gut bacteria, which leads to increased energy uptake, or kill
pathogenic bacteria, resulting in more energy for growth
2. Infection control - cheaper than hygiene controls
When were antibiotics approved for use as growth promoters in poultry, beef, and pork
industries? - answer 1951
How much of the antibiotics in the US are used for animals? - answer 70%
,What is the leading driver of ABR? - answer Antibiotics used in agriculture
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) - answer A method of identifying bacterial isolates
by directly measuring the DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes
E. faecalis ST16 - answer Gentamicin-resistant strains detected in pig populations in
Denmark; later, 2 patients had community-acquired infections and died.
The study found that what 3 things can be spread on the wind? - answer Antibiotics,
bacteria, and resistance genes
4 consequences of antibiotic use in farm animals - answer 1. Enhanced development of
resistance to antibiotics
2. Transmission of resistant bacteria to humans
3. Contamination of the environment by air particulates that carry antibiotics, resistance
genes, and bacteria
4. Emergence of novel antibiotic resistance mechanisms
5 consequences of antibiotic use in farm animals on human health - answer 1. Increased
morbidity/mortality
2. Reduced efficacy of human antibiotics
3. Increased healthcare costs
4. Increased potential for global spread of resistance
5. Facilitated emergence of resistance in human pathogens
True or False: The FDA banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. - answer
True
2 reasons that it's difficult to eliminate antibiotic use on farms - answer 1. Very easy,
, uncontrolled access
2. Loss of money to farms/farming companies/pharmaceuticals
What are major reservoirs of ABR in the environment? Which 3 of these are the most
important? - answer *Food animals
*Pets
*Humans
Wild animals
Soil/water/produce
How can antibiotic resistant bacteria be transmitted through the air? - answer On
aerosols; on solid particles
7 sources of bacteria in the air - answer 1. Humans/animals
2. Fecal matter
3. Wastewater
4. Soil
5. Leaves
6. Water
7. Composting facilities
CFU - answer A unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria under the
assumption that a single bacterium will form a single colony.
Where is the highest density of ABR bacteria? - answer The soil
True or False: ABR bacteria occur naturally in the soil. - answer True
