Bio 473 Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is the axis that regulates the reproductive system called? - CORRECT ANSWER -
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
What is spermatogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER - production of sperm in the testes
What is oogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER - oocyte development
What is ovulation? - CORRECT ANSWER - the release of oocytes from the ovaries to the
fallopian tubes
What does the hypothalamus produce? - CORRECT ANSWER - gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
What does GnRH stimulate? - CORRECT ANSWER - The release of follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and leuteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland
What are the types of cells that make up the follicle (cells surrounding and supporting the
oocyte)? - CORRECT ANSWER - Granulosa cells and theca cells
What hormone do FSH and LH stimulate the production of? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Estrogen and stimulate ovulation
What does the process of luteinization do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Form the corpus
luteum from the follicle
What does the corpus luteum do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Maintain estrogen and
progesterone levels
,What does low estrogen levels do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Inhibit FSH, LH, and GnRH
(negative feedback loop), and increase estrogen production (positive feedback loop), and the
endometrial lining is building up.
What does an increase in estrogen do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Once estrogen levels
reach a threshold value, an LH surge occurs, triggering ovulation, but continues its negative
feedback loop after the LH surge.
What are primary sexual characteristics? Examples? - CORRECT ANSWER - those a
person is born with (internal and external genetalia)
What are secondary sexual characteristics? Examples? - CORRECT ANSWER - Those
that rise during puberty; hair growth/breasts
What are the three types of muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER - Smooth, skeletal, cardiac
Describe smooth muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER - - spindle shaped
- involuntary control
- found lining organs
Describe skeletal muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER - - makes movement (breathing, speech,
facial expression) possible
- completely voluntary control
- very large, striated, organized end to end
Describe cardiac muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER - - only located in heart
- responsible for pumping blood
- striated but branched
- involuntary control
, What is excitability? - CORRECT ANSWER - making cells produce more action
potentials
What is contractility? - CORRECT ANSWER - muscle cells can shorten
What is extensibility? - CORRECT ANSWER - Muscle cells can be stretched or
lengthened
What is elasticity? - CORRECT ANSWER - Muscle cells return to normal length after
being stretched.
Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscle - CORRECT ANSWER - fascia (wrap around
fascicles) --> fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) --> muscle fiber (muscle cells) --> myofibrils -
-> myofilaments
What surrounds the muscle fiber and what is its cytoplasm called? - CORRECT
ANSWER - sarcolemma, sarcoplasm
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? - CORRECT ANSWER - surrounds the
myofilaments, stores calcium
What are terminal cisternae? - CORRECT ANSWER - enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.
What are the two types of myofilaments? - CORRECT ANSWER - thick and thin
filaments
What is a sarcomere? - CORRECT ANSWER - The functional unit of a muscle cell, made
of thick ad thin filaments
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is the axis that regulates the reproductive system called? - CORRECT ANSWER -
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
What is spermatogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER - production of sperm in the testes
What is oogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWER - oocyte development
What is ovulation? - CORRECT ANSWER - the release of oocytes from the ovaries to the
fallopian tubes
What does the hypothalamus produce? - CORRECT ANSWER - gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
What does GnRH stimulate? - CORRECT ANSWER - The release of follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and leuteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland
What are the types of cells that make up the follicle (cells surrounding and supporting the
oocyte)? - CORRECT ANSWER - Granulosa cells and theca cells
What hormone do FSH and LH stimulate the production of? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Estrogen and stimulate ovulation
What does the process of luteinization do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Form the corpus
luteum from the follicle
What does the corpus luteum do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Maintain estrogen and
progesterone levels
,What does low estrogen levels do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Inhibit FSH, LH, and GnRH
(negative feedback loop), and increase estrogen production (positive feedback loop), and the
endometrial lining is building up.
What does an increase in estrogen do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Once estrogen levels
reach a threshold value, an LH surge occurs, triggering ovulation, but continues its negative
feedback loop after the LH surge.
What are primary sexual characteristics? Examples? - CORRECT ANSWER - those a
person is born with (internal and external genetalia)
What are secondary sexual characteristics? Examples? - CORRECT ANSWER - Those
that rise during puberty; hair growth/breasts
What are the three types of muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER - Smooth, skeletal, cardiac
Describe smooth muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER - - spindle shaped
- involuntary control
- found lining organs
Describe skeletal muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER - - makes movement (breathing, speech,
facial expression) possible
- completely voluntary control
- very large, striated, organized end to end
Describe cardiac muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER - - only located in heart
- responsible for pumping blood
- striated but branched
- involuntary control
, What is excitability? - CORRECT ANSWER - making cells produce more action
potentials
What is contractility? - CORRECT ANSWER - muscle cells can shorten
What is extensibility? - CORRECT ANSWER - Muscle cells can be stretched or
lengthened
What is elasticity? - CORRECT ANSWER - Muscle cells return to normal length after
being stretched.
Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscle - CORRECT ANSWER - fascia (wrap around
fascicles) --> fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) --> muscle fiber (muscle cells) --> myofibrils -
-> myofilaments
What surrounds the muscle fiber and what is its cytoplasm called? - CORRECT
ANSWER - sarcolemma, sarcoplasm
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? - CORRECT ANSWER - surrounds the
myofilaments, stores calcium
What are terminal cisternae? - CORRECT ANSWER - enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.
What are the two types of myofilaments? - CORRECT ANSWER - thick and thin
filaments
What is a sarcomere? - CORRECT ANSWER - The functional unit of a muscle cell, made
of thick ad thin filaments
