BIO 253
Bio 253 Exam 5 Study Guide Questions with
Correct Detailed Answers Graded A+ 2025
What does the Endocrine System Release and How
endocrine cells release hormones, letting normal body fluid movement deliver
them
What does the Endocrine System Produce on the body through Hormones
produce varying effects that develop slowly and last longer
What is the target of the endocrine system
target = virtually all body cells [but must have receptors in order to respond to the
hormone]
What does the endocrine system control
generally controls growth, reproduction and metabolism
What is the Nervous System
electrochemical impulses target very specific cells: myofiber, neuron or glandular
cell
What is the timing for the nervous system
timing for response is milliseconds, but the response also stops relatively quickly
What is the energy expenditure for the nervous system
high energy expenditure
What does the nervous system monitor
generally monitors external environment and respond
Central Nervous System (CNS)
1. brain = control center for many body processes
2. spinal cord = extension of brain, connecting it to the rest of the body
BIO 253
,BIO 253
brain
control center for many body processes
spinal cord
extension of brain, connecting it to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
1. Somatic (Voluntary) nervous system = sensation and skeletal muscle control
2. Autonomic (Visceral) nervous system (ANS) = homeostasis control (Chapter 15)
a. Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight) vs. Parasympathetic division (rest-and-
relax)
3. Enteric nervous system = control of digestion functions
Somatic (Voluntary) nervous system
sensation and skeletal muscle control
Autonomic (Visceral) nervous system (ANS)
homeostasis control
Sympathetic division
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic division
(rest-and-relax)
Enteric nervous system
control of digestion functions
neuron
electrically-excitable, conductive cell of the nervous system
ganglion
collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
nuclei
BIO 253
,BIO 253
collections of neuron cell bodies (gray matter) surrounded by white matter in the
CNS
nerves
Bundles of axons are called nerves (in the PNS)
tracts
Bundles of axons are called tracts (in the CNS ).
effector
whatever is receiving the signal to carry out an action (usually a muscle or gland
cell)
Functional Classification of Neurons, sensory
afferent (into CNS)
Functional Classification of Neurons, motor
efferent (out from CNS)
Functional Classification of Neurons Interneurons
interneurons (associative or internuncial neurons)
Components of a Nerve Fiber:
1. Dendrites - receive information from the surroundings (neurotransmitter or
event/stimulus)
2. Cell body / Soma - contains the nucleus and usual cytoplasm components plus
dense, darkly-
staining clusters of RER called Nissl bodies (why "gray matter" of the CNS is
dark)
3. Axon - a long, thin process that transmits the action potential/ electrical signal
a. Axon Hillock - tapered transition area from the soma
b. Axon Collaterals - branches to create parallel axons in a neuron
4. Axon Terminals & End Bulbs contain synaptic vesicles and form synapses with
effector cells.
Dendrites
BIO 253
, BIO 253
receive information from the surroundings (neurotransmitter or event/stimulus)
Cell body / Soma
contains the nucleus and usual cytoplasm components plus dense, darkly-
staining clusters of RER called Nissl bodies (why "gray matter" of the CNS is
dark)
Axon
a long, thin process that transmits the action potential/ electrical signal
Axon Hillock
tapered transition area from the soma
Axon Collaterals
branches to create parallel axons in a neuron
Axon Terminals & End Bulbs contain
synaptic vesicles and form synapses with effector cells.
Structural Types of Neurons
1. Unipolar - somatic senses neurons
2. Multipolar - motor neurons and interneurons
3. Bipolar - special senses neurons
Unipolar
somatic senses neurons
Multipolar
motor neurons and interneurons
Bipolar
special senses neurons
Neuroglial cells help
neurons carry out their jobs more efficiently.
Glial cells of the CNS:
BIO 253
Bio 253 Exam 5 Study Guide Questions with
Correct Detailed Answers Graded A+ 2025
What does the Endocrine System Release and How
endocrine cells release hormones, letting normal body fluid movement deliver
them
What does the Endocrine System Produce on the body through Hormones
produce varying effects that develop slowly and last longer
What is the target of the endocrine system
target = virtually all body cells [but must have receptors in order to respond to the
hormone]
What does the endocrine system control
generally controls growth, reproduction and metabolism
What is the Nervous System
electrochemical impulses target very specific cells: myofiber, neuron or glandular
cell
What is the timing for the nervous system
timing for response is milliseconds, but the response also stops relatively quickly
What is the energy expenditure for the nervous system
high energy expenditure
What does the nervous system monitor
generally monitors external environment and respond
Central Nervous System (CNS)
1. brain = control center for many body processes
2. spinal cord = extension of brain, connecting it to the rest of the body
BIO 253
,BIO 253
brain
control center for many body processes
spinal cord
extension of brain, connecting it to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
1. Somatic (Voluntary) nervous system = sensation and skeletal muscle control
2. Autonomic (Visceral) nervous system (ANS) = homeostasis control (Chapter 15)
a. Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight) vs. Parasympathetic division (rest-and-
relax)
3. Enteric nervous system = control of digestion functions
Somatic (Voluntary) nervous system
sensation and skeletal muscle control
Autonomic (Visceral) nervous system (ANS)
homeostasis control
Sympathetic division
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic division
(rest-and-relax)
Enteric nervous system
control of digestion functions
neuron
electrically-excitable, conductive cell of the nervous system
ganglion
collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
nuclei
BIO 253
,BIO 253
collections of neuron cell bodies (gray matter) surrounded by white matter in the
CNS
nerves
Bundles of axons are called nerves (in the PNS)
tracts
Bundles of axons are called tracts (in the CNS ).
effector
whatever is receiving the signal to carry out an action (usually a muscle or gland
cell)
Functional Classification of Neurons, sensory
afferent (into CNS)
Functional Classification of Neurons, motor
efferent (out from CNS)
Functional Classification of Neurons Interneurons
interneurons (associative or internuncial neurons)
Components of a Nerve Fiber:
1. Dendrites - receive information from the surroundings (neurotransmitter or
event/stimulus)
2. Cell body / Soma - contains the nucleus and usual cytoplasm components plus
dense, darkly-
staining clusters of RER called Nissl bodies (why "gray matter" of the CNS is
dark)
3. Axon - a long, thin process that transmits the action potential/ electrical signal
a. Axon Hillock - tapered transition area from the soma
b. Axon Collaterals - branches to create parallel axons in a neuron
4. Axon Terminals & End Bulbs contain synaptic vesicles and form synapses with
effector cells.
Dendrites
BIO 253
, BIO 253
receive information from the surroundings (neurotransmitter or event/stimulus)
Cell body / Soma
contains the nucleus and usual cytoplasm components plus dense, darkly-
staining clusters of RER called Nissl bodies (why "gray matter" of the CNS is
dark)
Axon
a long, thin process that transmits the action potential/ electrical signal
Axon Hillock
tapered transition area from the soma
Axon Collaterals
branches to create parallel axons in a neuron
Axon Terminals & End Bulbs contain
synaptic vesicles and form synapses with effector cells.
Structural Types of Neurons
1. Unipolar - somatic senses neurons
2. Multipolar - motor neurons and interneurons
3. Bipolar - special senses neurons
Unipolar
somatic senses neurons
Multipolar
motor neurons and interneurons
Bipolar
special senses neurons
Neuroglial cells help
neurons carry out their jobs more efficiently.
Glial cells of the CNS:
BIO 253
