Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 4 Set 2 musk
and endo
Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Most common bone disease in humans.
A condition in which the body's bones are marked by low bone mineral density, impaired structural
integrity, decreased bone strength.
bone density classifications - CORRECT ANSWER-Normal bone mass > 833mg/cm2
Osteopenia: bone mass of 648-833 mg/cm2
Osteoporosis: bone mass < 648 mg/cm2
RANKYL - CORRECT ANSWER-CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR kB ligand
Gower's sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Difficulty rising to standing position; has to walk up legs using hands;
occurs in Muscular dystrophy
Adipokines - CORRECT ANSWER-protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells,
regulate food intake and metabolism.
increase or decrease fat mass
provide signals to the hypothalamus, brainstem, ANS and hunger center to regulate satiety and energy
balance.
adipose tissue-gut-brain axis - CORRECT ANSWER-GI tract releases adipokines and hormones which
interact with the brain and contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity.
visceral obesity - CORRECT ANSWER-Distribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and upper
body
"Apple shape"
Associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, type 2 DM, CV
disease, osteoarthritis, fatty liver and cancerperipheral obesity - CORRECT ANSWER-fat is distributed
around the thighs and buttocks (pear) and is more common in women. Risk factors are less severe than
those with visceral obesity.
, Primarycthyroidcdisordersc-cCORRECTcANSWER-
conditionscthatcresultcfromcdysfunctioncofcthecthyroidcgland
subclinicalcthyroidcdiseasec-cCORRECTcANSWER-presencecofcdiseasecwithoutcobviouscsymptoms
secondarycthyroidcdisordersc-cCORRECTcANSWER-
conditionscthatcresultscfromcthecdysfunctioncofceithercthecpituitarycorcthechypothalamus
Somogyiceffectc-cCORRECTcANSWER-hypoglycemiacfollowedcbycreboundchyperglycemia
Dawncphenomenonc-cCORRECTcANSWER-
ancincreasecincbloodcglucosecincthecearlycmorning,cmostclikelycduectocincreasedcglucosecproductioncincthe
clivercaftercancovernightcfast
microvascularcdisease:cDefinitioncandcexamplec-cCORRECTcANSWER-
Diseasecofcthecfinercbloodcvesselscincthecbody,cincludingctheccapillaries.cInccontrastctocmacrovascularcdise
ase.cThecmicrovascularccomplicationscofcdiabetescsuchcascneuropathyccancleadctoclosscofcsensationcandct
hecdevelopmentcofcfootculcers.
Macrovascularcdisease:cDefinitioncandcexamplec-cCORRECTcANSWER-
Macrovascularcdiseaseciscassociatedcwithcthecdevelopmentcofccoronarycarterycdisease,cperipheralcvascul
arcdisease,cbraincattackc(stroke),candcincreasedcriskcofcinfection.cTypec2cdiabetesciscmoreccloselycassociat
edcwithcmacrovascularcdiseasescthanctypec1cdiabetes.
ExopthalmuscorcproptosiscincGraves'cdiseasec-cCORRECTcANSWER-
Forwardcprojectioncofcbulgingcofctheceyecoutcofcthecorbitcsecondaryctocfatcdepositscbehindctheceye
CancbecunilateralcORcbilateral.
Pancreasc-cCORRECTcANSWER-
Locatedcbehindcthecstomach,cbetweencthecspleencandcduodenumcandccontainscisletscofcLangerhans.
Thecfirstcfunctionciscancexocrinecrole:ctocproducecdigestivecenzymescandcbicarbonate,cwhichcarecdelivere
dctocthecsmallcintestinecviacthecpancreaticcduct.c
and endo
Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Most common bone disease in humans.
A condition in which the body's bones are marked by low bone mineral density, impaired structural
integrity, decreased bone strength.
bone density classifications - CORRECT ANSWER-Normal bone mass > 833mg/cm2
Osteopenia: bone mass of 648-833 mg/cm2
Osteoporosis: bone mass < 648 mg/cm2
RANKYL - CORRECT ANSWER-CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR kB ligand
Gower's sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Difficulty rising to standing position; has to walk up legs using hands;
occurs in Muscular dystrophy
Adipokines - CORRECT ANSWER-protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells,
regulate food intake and metabolism.
increase or decrease fat mass
provide signals to the hypothalamus, brainstem, ANS and hunger center to regulate satiety and energy
balance.
adipose tissue-gut-brain axis - CORRECT ANSWER-GI tract releases adipokines and hormones which
interact with the brain and contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity.
visceral obesity - CORRECT ANSWER-Distribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and upper
body
"Apple shape"
Associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, type 2 DM, CV
disease, osteoarthritis, fatty liver and cancerperipheral obesity - CORRECT ANSWER-fat is distributed
around the thighs and buttocks (pear) and is more common in women. Risk factors are less severe than
those with visceral obesity.
, Primarycthyroidcdisordersc-cCORRECTcANSWER-
conditionscthatcresultcfromcdysfunctioncofcthecthyroidcgland
subclinicalcthyroidcdiseasec-cCORRECTcANSWER-presencecofcdiseasecwithoutcobviouscsymptoms
secondarycthyroidcdisordersc-cCORRECTcANSWER-
conditionscthatcresultscfromcthecdysfunctioncofceithercthecpituitarycorcthechypothalamus
Somogyiceffectc-cCORRECTcANSWER-hypoglycemiacfollowedcbycreboundchyperglycemia
Dawncphenomenonc-cCORRECTcANSWER-
ancincreasecincbloodcglucosecincthecearlycmorning,cmostclikelycduectocincreasedcglucosecproductioncincthe
clivercaftercancovernightcfast
microvascularcdisease:cDefinitioncandcexamplec-cCORRECTcANSWER-
Diseasecofcthecfinercbloodcvesselscincthecbody,cincludingctheccapillaries.cInccontrastctocmacrovascularcdise
ase.cThecmicrovascularccomplicationscofcdiabetescsuchcascneuropathyccancleadctoclosscofcsensationcandct
hecdevelopmentcofcfootculcers.
Macrovascularcdisease:cDefinitioncandcexamplec-cCORRECTcANSWER-
Macrovascularcdiseaseciscassociatedcwithcthecdevelopmentcofccoronarycarterycdisease,cperipheralcvascul
arcdisease,cbraincattackc(stroke),candcincreasedcriskcofcinfection.cTypec2cdiabetesciscmoreccloselycassociat
edcwithcmacrovascularcdiseasescthanctypec1cdiabetes.
ExopthalmuscorcproptosiscincGraves'cdiseasec-cCORRECTcANSWER-
Forwardcprojectioncofcbulgingcofctheceyecoutcofcthecorbitcsecondaryctocfatcdepositscbehindctheceye
CancbecunilateralcORcbilateral.
Pancreasc-cCORRECTcANSWER-
Locatedcbehindcthecstomach,cbetweencthecspleencandcduodenumcandccontainscisletscofcLangerhans.
Thecfirstcfunctionciscancexocrinecrole:ctocproducecdigestivecenzymescandcbicarbonate,cwhichcarecdelivere
dctocthecsmallcintestinecviacthecpancreaticcduct.c
