IB TOK Exam with 100% Correct
Solutions
Cognitive Biases - ANS-errors in your memory and judgment/assessment of something
due to errors in your way of thinking
Logical Fallacies - ANS-Reasoning that is erroneous and therefore leads to erroneous
conclusions or invalid arguments
Confirmation Bias - ANS-The tendency to look for information/pay more attention to
information that supports your premade conclusions/opinions of something and ignoring
information that contradicts it
Hindsight Bias - ANS-Once a result is known to you, you think "Oh, I knew it all along!"
even though there was no way that you could have come to that certainty beforehand
Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy - ANS-cherry picking data and applying a meaning to it
while ignoring all other possibilities and. Shooting randomly, then drawing a bullseye
around the tightest cluster of shots. Taking randomness out of the equation to assert
meaning to a phenomenon.
The Availability Heuristic - ANS-using information/experiences that you already have in
mind/are personal to you to come to a decision or assessing the probability of
something happening
The Dunning Kruger Effect - ANS-People who lack skill having a tendency to think that
they're much better than what they actually are, and people full of skill that have doubts
about their ability even though they're of high quality
Apophenia - ANS-thinking that there is meaning behind actaully unrelated events
The Argument from Authority - ANS-An argument that concludes something is true
because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is
The Argument from Ignorance - ANS-an argument stating that something is true
because it has never been proven false, psuedoscience
The Straw Man Fallacy - ANS-instead of dealing with the actual issue, it attacks a
weaker version of argument
, The Ad Hominem Fallacy - ANS-a statement that attempts to counter an argument by
criticizing the person who made it
The Just-World Fallacy - ANS-The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and
people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Subjective Validation - ANS-We consider information to be correct if it has any personal
meaning or significance to us. If it hits close to home, then we think the info is valid
Groupthink - ANS-the tendency of group members to make group harmony their goal,
preventing arguments/discussion about a topic instead of focusing on arriving at a well-
thought out decision
The Affect Heuristic - ANS-when we resort to our emotions/gut feeling to help us
decide/estimate the probability of something instead of using factual/objective evidence
Self Serving Bias - ANS-the tendency for someone to take full responsibility for their
successes but blame anything except themselves for their failures
The Third Person Effect - ANS-assuming that other people are more
vulnerable/susceptible to media messages and thinking we are impervious to them
The Misinformation Effect - ANS-when information that seems probable/reasonable in
its surroundings corrupts our memory of what actually happened
Embodied Cognition - ANS-bodily sensations that influence the way you feel about
immediate things such as people, pictures, etc.
The Anchoring Effect - ANS-when an initial piece of information influences the way we
feel about following pieces of information
Attention - ANS-focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events while
ignoring something that's in plain sight
The Representative Heuristic - ANS-assumption that any object (or person) sharing
characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that
category
Expectation - ANS-when what we expect influences our response to an actual
experience
illusion of control - ANS-perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control
or as more controllable than they are
Disagreement - ANS-The lack of consensus between various parties surrounding a
particular topic
Solutions
Cognitive Biases - ANS-errors in your memory and judgment/assessment of something
due to errors in your way of thinking
Logical Fallacies - ANS-Reasoning that is erroneous and therefore leads to erroneous
conclusions or invalid arguments
Confirmation Bias - ANS-The tendency to look for information/pay more attention to
information that supports your premade conclusions/opinions of something and ignoring
information that contradicts it
Hindsight Bias - ANS-Once a result is known to you, you think "Oh, I knew it all along!"
even though there was no way that you could have come to that certainty beforehand
Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy - ANS-cherry picking data and applying a meaning to it
while ignoring all other possibilities and. Shooting randomly, then drawing a bullseye
around the tightest cluster of shots. Taking randomness out of the equation to assert
meaning to a phenomenon.
The Availability Heuristic - ANS-using information/experiences that you already have in
mind/are personal to you to come to a decision or assessing the probability of
something happening
The Dunning Kruger Effect - ANS-People who lack skill having a tendency to think that
they're much better than what they actually are, and people full of skill that have doubts
about their ability even though they're of high quality
Apophenia - ANS-thinking that there is meaning behind actaully unrelated events
The Argument from Authority - ANS-An argument that concludes something is true
because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is
The Argument from Ignorance - ANS-an argument stating that something is true
because it has never been proven false, psuedoscience
The Straw Man Fallacy - ANS-instead of dealing with the actual issue, it attacks a
weaker version of argument
, The Ad Hominem Fallacy - ANS-a statement that attempts to counter an argument by
criticizing the person who made it
The Just-World Fallacy - ANS-The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and
people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Subjective Validation - ANS-We consider information to be correct if it has any personal
meaning or significance to us. If it hits close to home, then we think the info is valid
Groupthink - ANS-the tendency of group members to make group harmony their goal,
preventing arguments/discussion about a topic instead of focusing on arriving at a well-
thought out decision
The Affect Heuristic - ANS-when we resort to our emotions/gut feeling to help us
decide/estimate the probability of something instead of using factual/objective evidence
Self Serving Bias - ANS-the tendency for someone to take full responsibility for their
successes but blame anything except themselves for their failures
The Third Person Effect - ANS-assuming that other people are more
vulnerable/susceptible to media messages and thinking we are impervious to them
The Misinformation Effect - ANS-when information that seems probable/reasonable in
its surroundings corrupts our memory of what actually happened
Embodied Cognition - ANS-bodily sensations that influence the way you feel about
immediate things such as people, pictures, etc.
The Anchoring Effect - ANS-when an initial piece of information influences the way we
feel about following pieces of information
Attention - ANS-focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events while
ignoring something that's in plain sight
The Representative Heuristic - ANS-assumption that any object (or person) sharing
characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that
category
Expectation - ANS-when what we expect influences our response to an actual
experience
illusion of control - ANS-perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control
or as more controllable than they are
Disagreement - ANS-The lack of consensus between various parties surrounding a
particular topic
