Lecture 1
Theories and models
- Theories are bodies of knowledge that aim to explain phenomena: stable recurrent
and general features of the world
- Models are instantiations of theories, narrower in scope and often more concrete
- Theories are deeply practical
- Predict and control our environment through strategic interventions and
technologies
- Toothbrush problem
- No shortage of theory, but lack of coordination
- Need for more formalized theories
- Theories in psychology are verbal, not mathematical
Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-III)
- 18+
- Dutch population based sample
- DSM IV and V diagnoses assessed with Composite international diagnostic interview
(CIDI)
- Multistage, stratified random sampling procedure
- First, a random sample of municipalities was drawn
Prevalence NEMESIS 2023
- 48% of people in the Netherlands suffer from an anxiety or mood disorder at some
point in their lives
- One in four respondents met the criteria for any disorder in the 12 months before the
interview
- Mood and anxiety disorders were the most prevalent disorder categories
(27,6% and 28,6% respectively)
- Followed by substance use disorder (16,7%) and ADHD (3,6%)
- The most prevalent specific disorders were manor depressive disorder
(24,9%), social phobia (13,1%), specific phobia (11,8%) and alcohol use
disorder (12,8%)
- Prevalence in last 12 month anxiety disorder
Higher risk for 12-month DSM
- Younger age
- Gender (females had greater risk)
- living alone
- Being unemployed
- Low education
- Lower income
- Higher degree of urbanization
Proposed reasons for increase MH problems
- Individualization
- Social media
- Increased pressure to succeed
- Housing
, - More recognition/acceptance of mental health disorders
Normal versus abnormal emotions
- Universal emotion
- Often in response to stressor, but dysfunctional
- Feelings of worthlessness
- Inability to experience pleasure
- Interpersonal
- Biological correlates
- Often recovers over time
What about suicidal thoughts
Suicidal thoughts: "Have you ever felt so down that you thought about committing suicide?"
Suicidal attempt: This is determined by the question "Have you ever attempted suicide"
What about psychosis?
- 8% has psychotic experiences
- 4% psychotic symptoms
- 2-3% psychotic disorders
- 0,6-0,7% diagnosis schizophrenia
Mood and anxiety
- "internalizing disorders' or 'emotional disorders'
- High comorbidity
- Comorbidity was the rule in over three-quarter of subjects with depressive and/or
anxiety disorders, most often preceded by an anxiety disorder
Example of transdiagnostic
- Genetics
- Brain, neurotransmitters
- Cognitive emotional learning
- Thinking (eg., negative repetitive, intrusive)
- Youth and upbringing
- Interpersonal processes
Medical model versus networkmodel
Medical model: symptoms are all caused by the underlying condition
- Example: HIV causes rash and fever. These two symptoms are independently by HIV
In mental disorders, symptoms are not independent of each other
- Sleep problems, for example, lead to more worrying
Lecture 2
(Early) learning experiences - anything that is
formative
Dysfunctional schemata and core beliefs -
negative tried: negative view of the self, of the
world and future. Inept and unlovable.
Theories and models
- Theories are bodies of knowledge that aim to explain phenomena: stable recurrent
and general features of the world
- Models are instantiations of theories, narrower in scope and often more concrete
- Theories are deeply practical
- Predict and control our environment through strategic interventions and
technologies
- Toothbrush problem
- No shortage of theory, but lack of coordination
- Need for more formalized theories
- Theories in psychology are verbal, not mathematical
Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-III)
- 18+
- Dutch population based sample
- DSM IV and V diagnoses assessed with Composite international diagnostic interview
(CIDI)
- Multistage, stratified random sampling procedure
- First, a random sample of municipalities was drawn
Prevalence NEMESIS 2023
- 48% of people in the Netherlands suffer from an anxiety or mood disorder at some
point in their lives
- One in four respondents met the criteria for any disorder in the 12 months before the
interview
- Mood and anxiety disorders were the most prevalent disorder categories
(27,6% and 28,6% respectively)
- Followed by substance use disorder (16,7%) and ADHD (3,6%)
- The most prevalent specific disorders were manor depressive disorder
(24,9%), social phobia (13,1%), specific phobia (11,8%) and alcohol use
disorder (12,8%)
- Prevalence in last 12 month anxiety disorder
Higher risk for 12-month DSM
- Younger age
- Gender (females had greater risk)
- living alone
- Being unemployed
- Low education
- Lower income
- Higher degree of urbanization
Proposed reasons for increase MH problems
- Individualization
- Social media
- Increased pressure to succeed
- Housing
, - More recognition/acceptance of mental health disorders
Normal versus abnormal emotions
- Universal emotion
- Often in response to stressor, but dysfunctional
- Feelings of worthlessness
- Inability to experience pleasure
- Interpersonal
- Biological correlates
- Often recovers over time
What about suicidal thoughts
Suicidal thoughts: "Have you ever felt so down that you thought about committing suicide?"
Suicidal attempt: This is determined by the question "Have you ever attempted suicide"
What about psychosis?
- 8% has psychotic experiences
- 4% psychotic symptoms
- 2-3% psychotic disorders
- 0,6-0,7% diagnosis schizophrenia
Mood and anxiety
- "internalizing disorders' or 'emotional disorders'
- High comorbidity
- Comorbidity was the rule in over three-quarter of subjects with depressive and/or
anxiety disorders, most often preceded by an anxiety disorder
Example of transdiagnostic
- Genetics
- Brain, neurotransmitters
- Cognitive emotional learning
- Thinking (eg., negative repetitive, intrusive)
- Youth and upbringing
- Interpersonal processes
Medical model versus networkmodel
Medical model: symptoms are all caused by the underlying condition
- Example: HIV causes rash and fever. These two symptoms are independently by HIV
In mental disorders, symptoms are not independent of each other
- Sleep problems, for example, lead to more worrying
Lecture 2
(Early) learning experiences - anything that is
formative
Dysfunctional schemata and core beliefs -
negative tried: negative view of the self, of the
world and future. Inept and unlovable.
