6/20/25, 5:27 AM
HMX PHARMACOLOGY GLOSSARY TERMS ACTUAL
EXAM 2025-2026 LATEST
UPDATE/PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (complete solutions) ASSURED SUCCESS/GRADED
A+
peritoneal cavity the potential space within the sac that surrounds the abdominal
organs
clinical trials performed to detect, assess, understand,
pharmacovigilance trials and prevent adverse effects of marketed drugs; used
interchangeably with phase IV clinical trials and post-
marketing surveillance
catabolic reactions of drug metabolism in the liver, such
phase 1 reactions
as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis; often mediated
by cytochrome P450 enzymes
phase 2 reactions anabolic reactions of drug metabolism in the liver, such as
conjugation
first phase of clinical drug development to determine the ADME
phase 1 clinical trials
and safety
parameters of an investigational drug, commonly performed in
healthy volunteers
second phase of clinical drug development to determine efficacy
phase 2 clinical trials and dosing
parameters of an investigational drug in patients with
the condition of interest, often in comparison to a
placebo
third phase of clinical drug development to determine
phase 3 clinical trials efficacy and tolerability of investigational drug in
patients with condition of interest, often in comparison
to a standard of care medication for the condition of
1/17
,6/20/25, 10:49 AM HMX Pharmacology Glossary Terms
interest
the fourth and final phase of clinical drug development
phase 4 clinical trials
to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of a
drug after it is available on the market for patient
use
response in body that results from normal changes in
physiological response
homeostatic pathways, such as those regulating heart
rate and blood pressure
inactive substance that is designated to look exactly
placebo
like a real drug, commonly made of a starch or sugar,
and does not contain an active drug
plasma liquid portion of the blood
molecules that have unevenly distributed electrons,
polar molecules
which do not dissolve freely in membrane lipids
circulation of blood from abdominal organs (small
portal circulation
intestine, colon, pancreas, and spleen) to the liver
efficacy value greater than 0, meaning that the drug
positive efficacy
increases activity of molecular target
potency concentration of drug that is required to produce 50% of maximal
response
drug studies done in research lab setting that most
preclinical drug development
often involve testing drugs at molecular and cellular
level, or at organismal level in animal experiments
prodrug drug that is delivered in an inactive form and is activated by
metabolism
therapy that involves introduction of functional, novel, or
modified proteins into
protein-based therapy patient that can be used to replace missing or defective
proteins, to alter the activity of an existing pathway, to
provide a novel function, or to target specific molecule
for destruction, such as antigen
state associated with increased tendency to blood
prothrombotic state
clotting, also referred to as a hypercoagulable state
psychomotor activity activity that involves conscious coordination of motor skills
psychostimulant drug that has stimulant properties and increases psychomotor
activity
2/1
7
, 6/20/25, 10:49 AM HMX Pharmacology Glossary Terms
fraction of drug that is eliminated per unit of time; often
rate of elimination
refers to elimination of drug from bloodstream
process of drug or metabolite being transported from
reabsorption
tubule of nephron into plasma in peritubular
capillaries
macromolecule to which agonists and antagonists can
receptor
bind and thereby produce a physiological or
pharmacological effect
receptor occupancy fraction of receptors that are bound by a drug, often expressed
as a percentage
rectal administration administration of drug to rectum
reduction reaction chemical reaction in which molecule gains electrons
route of administration method by which drug is introduced into body
type of ion channel that is regulated by signaling
second messenger-regulated
ion channel downstream of G protein-coupled receptors or other
receptors
selective estrogen receptor group of drugs that bind to and alter activity of estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs)
absorption the uptake of a drug from its site of administration into the
bloodstream
the movement of a molecule against its concentration
active transport
gradient across a membrane, with a concomitant
expenditure of energy
adverse drug effect a harmful or toxic effect produced by a drug in a patient
affinity a measure of strength of drug-receptor binding
an endogenous or exogenous ligand that binds to and
agonist
stimulates a receptor to produce a molecular
response
anabolic reaction a reaction involving synthesis of new molecules, generally
requiring energy
analgesics drugs that relieve pain
anaphylactic reaction a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening
an endogenous or exogenous molecule that binds to
antagonist
and blocks a receptor to inhibit a molecular response
a glycoprotein that plays an important role in the
antibody
3/1
7
HMX PHARMACOLOGY GLOSSARY TERMS ACTUAL
EXAM 2025-2026 LATEST
UPDATE/PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (complete solutions) ASSURED SUCCESS/GRADED
A+
peritoneal cavity the potential space within the sac that surrounds the abdominal
organs
clinical trials performed to detect, assess, understand,
pharmacovigilance trials and prevent adverse effects of marketed drugs; used
interchangeably with phase IV clinical trials and post-
marketing surveillance
catabolic reactions of drug metabolism in the liver, such
phase 1 reactions
as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis; often mediated
by cytochrome P450 enzymes
phase 2 reactions anabolic reactions of drug metabolism in the liver, such as
conjugation
first phase of clinical drug development to determine the ADME
phase 1 clinical trials
and safety
parameters of an investigational drug, commonly performed in
healthy volunteers
second phase of clinical drug development to determine efficacy
phase 2 clinical trials and dosing
parameters of an investigational drug in patients with
the condition of interest, often in comparison to a
placebo
third phase of clinical drug development to determine
phase 3 clinical trials efficacy and tolerability of investigational drug in
patients with condition of interest, often in comparison
to a standard of care medication for the condition of
1/17
,6/20/25, 10:49 AM HMX Pharmacology Glossary Terms
interest
the fourth and final phase of clinical drug development
phase 4 clinical trials
to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of a
drug after it is available on the market for patient
use
response in body that results from normal changes in
physiological response
homeostatic pathways, such as those regulating heart
rate and blood pressure
inactive substance that is designated to look exactly
placebo
like a real drug, commonly made of a starch or sugar,
and does not contain an active drug
plasma liquid portion of the blood
molecules that have unevenly distributed electrons,
polar molecules
which do not dissolve freely in membrane lipids
circulation of blood from abdominal organs (small
portal circulation
intestine, colon, pancreas, and spleen) to the liver
efficacy value greater than 0, meaning that the drug
positive efficacy
increases activity of molecular target
potency concentration of drug that is required to produce 50% of maximal
response
drug studies done in research lab setting that most
preclinical drug development
often involve testing drugs at molecular and cellular
level, or at organismal level in animal experiments
prodrug drug that is delivered in an inactive form and is activated by
metabolism
therapy that involves introduction of functional, novel, or
modified proteins into
protein-based therapy patient that can be used to replace missing or defective
proteins, to alter the activity of an existing pathway, to
provide a novel function, or to target specific molecule
for destruction, such as antigen
state associated with increased tendency to blood
prothrombotic state
clotting, also referred to as a hypercoagulable state
psychomotor activity activity that involves conscious coordination of motor skills
psychostimulant drug that has stimulant properties and increases psychomotor
activity
2/1
7
, 6/20/25, 10:49 AM HMX Pharmacology Glossary Terms
fraction of drug that is eliminated per unit of time; often
rate of elimination
refers to elimination of drug from bloodstream
process of drug or metabolite being transported from
reabsorption
tubule of nephron into plasma in peritubular
capillaries
macromolecule to which agonists and antagonists can
receptor
bind and thereby produce a physiological or
pharmacological effect
receptor occupancy fraction of receptors that are bound by a drug, often expressed
as a percentage
rectal administration administration of drug to rectum
reduction reaction chemical reaction in which molecule gains electrons
route of administration method by which drug is introduced into body
type of ion channel that is regulated by signaling
second messenger-regulated
ion channel downstream of G protein-coupled receptors or other
receptors
selective estrogen receptor group of drugs that bind to and alter activity of estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs)
absorption the uptake of a drug from its site of administration into the
bloodstream
the movement of a molecule against its concentration
active transport
gradient across a membrane, with a concomitant
expenditure of energy
adverse drug effect a harmful or toxic effect produced by a drug in a patient
affinity a measure of strength of drug-receptor binding
an endogenous or exogenous ligand that binds to and
agonist
stimulates a receptor to produce a molecular
response
anabolic reaction a reaction involving synthesis of new molecules, generally
requiring energy
analgesics drugs that relieve pain
anaphylactic reaction a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening
an endogenous or exogenous molecule that binds to
antagonist
and blocks a receptor to inhibit a molecular response
a glycoprotein that plays an important role in the
antibody
3/1
7
