ECE 201
Applications of Electrical &
Computer Engineering
Final Exam Review
(Questions & Solutions)
2025
1
, **Section I. Multiple Choice (10 Questions)**
1. **In designing an embedded control system for real‑time applications,
which design paradigm is most effective in minimizing latency?*
A. Polling-based processing
B. Interrupt-driven architecture
C. Batch processing
D. Time‑division multiplexing
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* An interrupt‑driven architecture allows the system to
respond immediately to sensor inputs or critical events rather than
constantly polling, thereby reducing processing latency.
2. **In an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), what parameter primarily
determines the smallest discernible change in the input signal?*
A. Sampling rate
B. Quantization resolution
C. Clock stability
D. Anti-aliasing filter cutoff
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* The quantization resolution (often expressed in bits)
defines the ADC’s resolution—its ability to distinguish small changes in
the input voltage.
3. **For maximizing the performance of an RF antenna in a wireless
communication system, which of the following factors is critical?*
A. Antenna polarization
B. Antenna gain
C. Impedance matching
D. All of the above
**ANS:* D
**Rationale:* All these factors are vital. Proper polarization ensures
2
, signal alignment, high gain improves effective radiated power, and
impedance matching minimizes reflection losses.
4. **Which digital modulation technique offers high spectral efficiency
under high signal-to-noise conditions?*
A. BPSK
B. QAM-256
C. FSK
D. ASK
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* Higher-order Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (such as
QAM-256) maximizes spectral efficiency but requires high SNR for
reliable performance.
5. **Adaptive signal processing in real-time embedded systems
increasingly employs which machine learning method to adjust to
environmental changes?*
A. Decision Trees
B. Reinforcement Learning
C. k-Means Clustering
D. Genetic Algorithms
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* Reinforcement learning, with its feedback-driven
adaptation, is well suited to dynamic decision-making in real‑time
systems.
6. **Which communication protocol is most suitable for high-speed, low-
latency data transfer among components in an embedded system?*
A. I²C
B. SPI
C. UART
D. CAN Bus
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) offers high data rates
and low latency, making it optimal for direct, high-speed inter-device
3
Applications of Electrical &
Computer Engineering
Final Exam Review
(Questions & Solutions)
2025
1
, **Section I. Multiple Choice (10 Questions)**
1. **In designing an embedded control system for real‑time applications,
which design paradigm is most effective in minimizing latency?*
A. Polling-based processing
B. Interrupt-driven architecture
C. Batch processing
D. Time‑division multiplexing
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* An interrupt‑driven architecture allows the system to
respond immediately to sensor inputs or critical events rather than
constantly polling, thereby reducing processing latency.
2. **In an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), what parameter primarily
determines the smallest discernible change in the input signal?*
A. Sampling rate
B. Quantization resolution
C. Clock stability
D. Anti-aliasing filter cutoff
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* The quantization resolution (often expressed in bits)
defines the ADC’s resolution—its ability to distinguish small changes in
the input voltage.
3. **For maximizing the performance of an RF antenna in a wireless
communication system, which of the following factors is critical?*
A. Antenna polarization
B. Antenna gain
C. Impedance matching
D. All of the above
**ANS:* D
**Rationale:* All these factors are vital. Proper polarization ensures
2
, signal alignment, high gain improves effective radiated power, and
impedance matching minimizes reflection losses.
4. **Which digital modulation technique offers high spectral efficiency
under high signal-to-noise conditions?*
A. BPSK
B. QAM-256
C. FSK
D. ASK
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* Higher-order Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (such as
QAM-256) maximizes spectral efficiency but requires high SNR for
reliable performance.
5. **Adaptive signal processing in real-time embedded systems
increasingly employs which machine learning method to adjust to
environmental changes?*
A. Decision Trees
B. Reinforcement Learning
C. k-Means Clustering
D. Genetic Algorithms
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* Reinforcement learning, with its feedback-driven
adaptation, is well suited to dynamic decision-making in real‑time
systems.
6. **Which communication protocol is most suitable for high-speed, low-
latency data transfer among components in an embedded system?*
A. I²C
B. SPI
C. UART
D. CAN Bus
**ANS:* B
**Rationale:* The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) offers high data rates
and low latency, making it optimal for direct, high-speed inter-device
3
