Stuvia.com b - b The b Marketplace b to b Buy b and b Sell
your
olution Manual for Statistics for Nursing Research A
b b b b b b b
Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 3rd Edition,
b b b b b b
Susan Grove, Daisha Cipher b b b
b
b
1
b b
Ratio
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
b b b b b b b
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement
b b b b b b b b for b the b current b therapy
b variable. Provide a rationale for your answer. b b b b b b
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients
b b b b b b b b b b b b
are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
problems. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
b b b b b b b b b b b b
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study?
b b b b b b b b b b b
Provide a rationale foryour answer.
b b b b b b
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cardiac patients
b b
[Date]
, Stuvia.com b - b The b Marketplace b to b Buy b and b Sell
your this category of drug, which was the most common
were receiving b b b b b b b b b b
prescribed drug for thissample.
b b b b b
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or
b b b b b b b b b
inappropriate.
b
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI
b b b b b b b b b b b
measurement resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero
b b b b b b b b b b b b
(Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).
b b b b b b b b b b b b
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income
b b b b b b b b b b
bin a study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Less than $50,000 b b
b. $50,000 to 59,999 b b
c. $60,000 to 69,999 b b
d. $70,000 to 80,000 b b
e. $80,000 or greater b b
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income
b b b b b b b b b b
variable follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
answer.
b
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal
b b b b b b b b b b b
blevel. The income catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000
b b b b b b b b b b b
bto greater than
b b
$80,000. The two open-ended b b b
AG 1-1 b
[Date]
, Stuvia.com b - b The b Marketplace b to b Buy b and b Sell
your
AG 1-2 b Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded b b b b b b
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive,
b b b b b b b b b b b b
since catego- ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bmaking
$80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in b b b b b b b b b b b
berroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the b b b b b b b b b b b b
categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bhighest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bet al., 2017). b b
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants
b b b b b b b b b b b
rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bindicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The total scores for each b b b b b b b b b b b
subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval level of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
b b b b b b b b b
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bcardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD,
b were conducted to b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
describe CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
b b b b b b b b b b
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bimportance of this result. b b b
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression b b b b b b b b b
bincreased with the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bdepressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bNYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bphysical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression.
b b b b b b b b b b
bNurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in
b b b b b b b b b b b
bhigher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
b b b b b b b b b b b
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not
b b b b b b b b b b b
bbeing treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your
b b b b b b b b b b
banswer to the nearest whole percent (%). b b b b b b
Answer: A total of b b 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The
sample included 15
b b b patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table b b b b b b b
b1). The number of b cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
b15 b
= 91). The group b b b b percent b is b calculated by b b b the b b following b b formula: b b (group
[Date]
, Stuvia.com b - b The b Marketplace b to b Buy b and b Sell
b frequencyyour÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
b sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The
b b b b b b final answer
b b b b b b b b b b b b
b b is
[Date]
your
olution Manual for Statistics for Nursing Research A
b b b b b b b
Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 3rd Edition,
b b b b b b
Susan Grove, Daisha Cipher b b b
b
b
1
b b
Ratio
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
b b b b b b b
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement
b b b b b b b b for b the b current b therapy
b variable. Provide a rationale for your answer. b b b b b b
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients
b b b b b b b b b b b b
are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
problems. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
b b b b b b b b b b b b
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study?
b b b b b b b b b b b
Provide a rationale foryour answer.
b b b b b b
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cardiac patients
b b
[Date]
, Stuvia.com b - b The b Marketplace b to b Buy b and b Sell
your this category of drug, which was the most common
were receiving b b b b b b b b b b
prescribed drug for thissample.
b b b b b
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or
b b b b b b b b b
inappropriate.
b
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI
b b b b b b b b b b b
measurement resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero
b b b b b b b b b b b b
(Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).
b b b b b b b b b b b b
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income
b b b b b b b b b b
bin a study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Less than $50,000 b b
b. $50,000 to 59,999 b b
c. $60,000 to 69,999 b b
d. $70,000 to 80,000 b b
e. $80,000 or greater b b
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income
b b b b b b b b b b
variable follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
answer.
b
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal
b b b b b b b b b b b
blevel. The income catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000
b b b b b b b b b b b
bto greater than
b b
$80,000. The two open-ended b b b
AG 1-1 b
[Date]
, Stuvia.com b - b The b Marketplace b to b Buy b and b Sell
your
AG 1-2 b Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded b b b b b b
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive,
b b b b b b b b b b b b
since catego- ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bmaking
$80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in b b b b b b b b b b b
berroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the b b b b b b b b b b b b
categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bhighest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bet al., 2017). b b
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants
b b b b b b b b b b b
rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bindicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The total scores for each b b b b b b b b b b b
subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval level of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
b b b b b b b b b
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bcardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD,
b were conducted to b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
describe CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
b b b b b b b b b b
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bimportance of this result. b b b
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression b b b b b b b b b
bincreased with the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bdepressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bNYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bphysical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression.
b b b b b b b b b b
bNurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in
b b b b b b b b b b b
bhigher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
b b b b b b b b b b b
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not
b b b b b b b b b b b
bbeing treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your
b b b b b b b b b b
banswer to the nearest whole percent (%). b b b b b b
Answer: A total of b b 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The
sample included 15
b b b patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table b b b b b b b
b1). The number of b cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
b15 b
= 91). The group b b b b percent b is b calculated by b b b the b b following b b formula: b b (group
[Date]
, Stuvia.com b - b The b Marketplace b to b Buy b and b Sell
b frequencyyour÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
b sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The
b b b b b b final answer
b b b b b b b b b b b b
b b is
[Date]
