CHAPTER 18: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (PART 2)
QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
1. TRH (from hypothalamus) =
2. TSH (from anterior pituitary) = - Accurate answers thyrotropin releasing hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to
release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid to what? - Accurate answers
synthesize and release thyroid hormones (T3 andT4).
Elevated levels of thyroid hormones _____ release of TRH and TSH (negative feedback) - Accurate
answers inhibit
Thyroid hormone functions: - Accurate answers 1. Increases ATP production and use, which warms
the body and helps maintain normal body temperature.
2. Increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) - BMR is the rate of O2 consumption in mitochondria for aerobic
cellular respiration to make ATP when the body is at rest.
3. Increases the use of glucose and fats for ATP production.
4. Increases cholesterol excretion into bile to reduce blood cholesterol levels.
5. Up-regulation of beta (β) receptors that epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to (for the fight-or-
flight response)
6. Stimulates protein synthesis to grow and maintain muscle
7. Works with hGH to accelerate body growth in children
In absence of sufficient dietary ______, T4 & T3 cannot be made & thyroid hormone levels are ____ -
Accurate answers iodine; low
Low T4 & T3 levels do not provide negative feedback & _____ levels go up. - Accurate answers TSH
Because TSH is a trophic hormone, it stimulates the thyroid gland to grow, resulting in a what? -
Accurate answers goiter
People that produce inadequate T4 & T3 levels have what? - Accurate answers hypothyroidism
Symptoms of hypothyroidism: - Accurate answers low BMR, weight gain, lethargy, cold
intolerance, myxedema (puffy face, hands, & feet), & goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
During fetal development, congenital hypothyroidism can cause what? - Accurate answers
cretinism (severe mental retardation and stunted growth).
Goiters are also produced by what? - Accurate answers hyperthyroidism
, Symptoms of hyperthyroidism: - Accurate answers nervousness, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, irregular
heartbeat, hand tremors, excessive sweating, weight loss, and insomnia.
Can be caused by nodules in the thyroid that overproduce thyroid hormone, inflammation of the thyroid
or overconsumption of iodine. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is what? - Accurate
answers Graves disease
Grave's disease is an autoimmune disease where antibodies behave like _____ & stimulate the thyroid
gland to grow & over-secrete thyroid hormone = hyperthyroidism - Accurate answers Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Graves disease is characterized by what? - Accurate answers bulging eyes due to edema in eye
sockets, weight loss, heat intolerance, irritability, & high BMR
Located on the posterior side of each lobe of the thyroid gland are 2 what? - Accurate answers
parathyroid glands
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is stimulated by decreased blood _____ levels - Accurate answers
Ca2+
PTH acts on bone _______ (stimulating bone resorption or breakdown) & ______ (stimulating
reabsorption of Ca+2 from filtrate) to increase blood Ca2+ levels. - Accurate answers osteoclasts;
kidneys
PTH and _________ work in conjunction with calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland to regulate
calcium homeostasis through negative feedback. - Accurate answers calcitriol (vitamin D3)
Bones are a storage reservoir for ______ & ______, as well as smaller amounts of other minerals such as
magnesium - Accurate answers calcium and phosphate
Bone is hardened with primarily calcium phosphate crystals (called what?). - Accurate answers
hydroxyapatite
________ are cells that make bone matrix by first secreting a matrix of collagen which becomes
hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite). - Accurate answers osteoblasts
_______ are cells that reabsorb bone by secreting enzymes to dissolve collagen & H+ ions to dissolve
hydroxyapatite (CaPO4), releasing Ca+2 and phosphate ions, which move into the bloodstream -
Accurate answers osteoclasts
Calcitriol (1,25 Vitamin D3) synthesis begins in the _____ when cholesterol in skin is converted to
Vitamin D3 by ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. The process continues in the ____, and then the ____,
which release calcitriol into the bloodstream when stimulated by PTH. - Accurate answers skin;
liver; kidneys
Release of vitamin1,25 D3 (Calcitriol) from kidneys is stimulated by PTH in response to _____ Ca+2
levels. - Accurate answers low
QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
1. TRH (from hypothalamus) =
2. TSH (from anterior pituitary) = - Accurate answers thyrotropin releasing hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to
release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid to what? - Accurate answers
synthesize and release thyroid hormones (T3 andT4).
Elevated levels of thyroid hormones _____ release of TRH and TSH (negative feedback) - Accurate
answers inhibit
Thyroid hormone functions: - Accurate answers 1. Increases ATP production and use, which warms
the body and helps maintain normal body temperature.
2. Increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) - BMR is the rate of O2 consumption in mitochondria for aerobic
cellular respiration to make ATP when the body is at rest.
3. Increases the use of glucose and fats for ATP production.
4. Increases cholesterol excretion into bile to reduce blood cholesterol levels.
5. Up-regulation of beta (β) receptors that epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to (for the fight-or-
flight response)
6. Stimulates protein synthesis to grow and maintain muscle
7. Works with hGH to accelerate body growth in children
In absence of sufficient dietary ______, T4 & T3 cannot be made & thyroid hormone levels are ____ -
Accurate answers iodine; low
Low T4 & T3 levels do not provide negative feedback & _____ levels go up. - Accurate answers TSH
Because TSH is a trophic hormone, it stimulates the thyroid gland to grow, resulting in a what? -
Accurate answers goiter
People that produce inadequate T4 & T3 levels have what? - Accurate answers hypothyroidism
Symptoms of hypothyroidism: - Accurate answers low BMR, weight gain, lethargy, cold
intolerance, myxedema (puffy face, hands, & feet), & goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
During fetal development, congenital hypothyroidism can cause what? - Accurate answers
cretinism (severe mental retardation and stunted growth).
Goiters are also produced by what? - Accurate answers hyperthyroidism
, Symptoms of hyperthyroidism: - Accurate answers nervousness, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, irregular
heartbeat, hand tremors, excessive sweating, weight loss, and insomnia.
Can be caused by nodules in the thyroid that overproduce thyroid hormone, inflammation of the thyroid
or overconsumption of iodine. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is what? - Accurate
answers Graves disease
Grave's disease is an autoimmune disease where antibodies behave like _____ & stimulate the thyroid
gland to grow & over-secrete thyroid hormone = hyperthyroidism - Accurate answers Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Graves disease is characterized by what? - Accurate answers bulging eyes due to edema in eye
sockets, weight loss, heat intolerance, irritability, & high BMR
Located on the posterior side of each lobe of the thyroid gland are 2 what? - Accurate answers
parathyroid glands
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is stimulated by decreased blood _____ levels - Accurate answers
Ca2+
PTH acts on bone _______ (stimulating bone resorption or breakdown) & ______ (stimulating
reabsorption of Ca+2 from filtrate) to increase blood Ca2+ levels. - Accurate answers osteoclasts;
kidneys
PTH and _________ work in conjunction with calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland to regulate
calcium homeostasis through negative feedback. - Accurate answers calcitriol (vitamin D3)
Bones are a storage reservoir for ______ & ______, as well as smaller amounts of other minerals such as
magnesium - Accurate answers calcium and phosphate
Bone is hardened with primarily calcium phosphate crystals (called what?). - Accurate answers
hydroxyapatite
________ are cells that make bone matrix by first secreting a matrix of collagen which becomes
hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite). - Accurate answers osteoblasts
_______ are cells that reabsorb bone by secreting enzymes to dissolve collagen & H+ ions to dissolve
hydroxyapatite (CaPO4), releasing Ca+2 and phosphate ions, which move into the bloodstream -
Accurate answers osteoclasts
Calcitriol (1,25 Vitamin D3) synthesis begins in the _____ when cholesterol in skin is converted to
Vitamin D3 by ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. The process continues in the ____, and then the ____,
which release calcitriol into the bloodstream when stimulated by PTH. - Accurate answers skin;
liver; kidneys
Release of vitamin1,25 D3 (Calcitriol) from kidneys is stimulated by PTH in response to _____ Ca+2
levels. - Accurate answers low
