TEST BANK Pharmacology for Nurses A Pathophysiologic Approach, 6th Edition

Test Bank for Nursing Pharmacology (8th Edition) Pharmacology - ANSWER -Study of biologic effects of chemicals. Pharmacotherapeutics - ANSWER -Uses of drugs to treat and diagnose diseases. Pharmacoeconomics - ANSWER -Costs associated with drug therapy. Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER -How a drug affects the body. Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER -How the body acts on a drug. Clinical Pharmacology - ANSWER -Application of pharmacology in clinical settings. Iodine Administration - ANSWER -Used for imaging in computed tomography scans. Chemotherapy - ANSWER -Drug treatment for cancer patients. MMR Vaccine - ANSWER -Immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella. Computed Tomography (CT) - ANSWER -Imaging technique using X-rays. Oncology Unit - ANSWER -Specialized area for cancer treatment. Public Health Department - ANSWER -Focuses on community health and immunizations. Routine Immunization - ANSWER -Scheduled vaccinations for disease prevention. Drug Therapy - ANSWER -Use of medications to manage health conditions. Nurse's Role - ANSWER -Administering medications and monitoring patient response. Biologic Effects - ANSWER -Physiological responses to chemical substances. Disease Prevention - ANSWER -Strategies to avert disease occurrence. Drug Diagnosis - ANSWER -Using medications to identify health issues. Patient Safety - ANSWER -Preventing harm during medication administration. Dosage Calculations - ANSWER -Determining correct medication amounts for patients. Antiinfective Agents - ANSWER -Drugs used to treat infections. Antibiotics - ANSWER -Medications that combat bacterial infections. Antiviral Agents - ANSWER -Drugs that inhibit viral replication. Antifungal Agents - ANSWER -Medications used to treat fungal infections. Morphine - ANSWER -A narcotic classified as Schedule II drug. Schedule II - ANSWER -Drugs with high abuse potential and medical use. Schedule I - ANSWER -Drugs with high abuse potential, no medical use. Schedule III - ANSWER -Drugs with lesser abuse potential, accepted medical use. Schedule IV - ANSWER -Drugs with low abuse potential and limited dependence. Phase III studies - ANSWER -Involve drug use in large clinical populations. Nurse responsibilities - ANSWER -Monitor patients for adverse effects during studies. Bioavailability - ANSWER -Portion of drug reaching systemic circulation. Critical concentration - ANSWER -Amount of drug needed for therapeutic effect. Distribution - ANSWER -Movement of drug to body tissues. Half-life - ANSWER -Time for drug amount to decrease by half. Generic drugs - ANSWER -Substitutes for brand name drugs with potential differences. Brand name drugs - ANSWER -Medications marketed under a proprietary name. Over-the-counter medications - ANSWER -Drugs available without prescription, often overlooked. Orphan drugs - ANSWER -Medications for rare diseases, often not well known. Pharmacologic therapy - ANSWER -Study of drug effects and safe administration. Drug evaluation studies - ANSWER -Research phases assessing drug safety and efficacy. Adverse effects - ANSWER -Unintended, harmful reactions to medications. Clinical population - ANSWER -Group of patients involved in drug studies. FDA - ANSWER -Food and Drug Administration, oversees drug approval. Preclinical trials - ANSWER -Initial testing phase using animal subjects. Patient monitoring - ANSWER -Nurse's role in observing drug effects. Drug guide - ANSWER -Resource for specific drug information and safety. Medication administration - ANSWER -Process of giving drugs to patients safely. Pharmacology - ANSWER -Study of drug actions and effects on the body. Pregnancy Category B - ANSWER -Animal studies show no fetal risk; no human studies. OTC Drugs - ANSWER -Over-the-counter medications that can cause harm if misused. Nurse's Drug Guide - ANSWER -Essential resource for nursing implications and patient education. FDA - ANSWER -Food and Drug Administration; regulates drug safety and efficacy. Category A Drugs - ANSWER -No risk to fetus in first or later trimesters. Category C Drugs - ANSWER -Animal studies show adverse effects; no human studies. Category D Drugs - ANSWER -Evidence of human fetal risk; potential benefits may outweigh risks. Discharge Planning - ANSWER -Instructions for patients leaving the hospital, including medications. Drug Monographs - ANSWER -Detailed drug information including uses, side effects, and dosing. Continuing Education - ANSWER -Ongoing learning necessary for safe nursing practice. Adverse Effects - ANSWER -Unintended harmful effects caused by medication use. Medication Administration - ANSWER -Process of giving medications to patients safely. Drug Package Insert - ANSWER -Official document providing detailed drug information. Multidose Bottle - ANSWER -Container holding multiple doses of a medication. Drug Facts and Comparisons - ANSWER -Reference book providing drug information for healthcare professionals. Physicians' Drug Reference (PDR) - ANSWER -Comprehensive drug information source for physicians. Nursing Implications - ANSWER -Considerations for patient care related to medication use. Patient Teaching Points - ANSWER -Key information nurses provide to patients about medications. Research New Drugs - ANSWER -Essential for nurses to stay updated on medications. Medication Safety - ANSWER -Practices ensuring safe administration of drugs to patients. Adverse Drug Reactions - ANSWER -Harmful responses to medications that require monitoring. Drug Research - ANSWER -Ongoing studies to evaluate new and existing medications. Multidose bottle - ANSWER -Container holding multiple doses of medication. Soiled label - ANSWER -Label damaged, obscuring important medication information. Priority action - ANSWER -Immediate response to ensure patient safety. Drug label information - ANSWER -Includes drug name, concentration, expiration date. Discard medication - ANSWER -Safest action when label information is unclear. Pharmacotherapeutic level - ANSWER -Study of drug effects on the body. Adverse effects - ANSWER -Negative or unexpected reactions to medications. Therapeutic effects - ANSWER -Desired outcomes from medication administration. Drug guide - ANSWER -Reference source for medication information. Recent reference source - ANSWER -Updated material for accurate drug information. Patient assessment - ANSWER -Evaluation of drug effects post-administration. Chemical pharmacology - ANSWER -Study of drug chemistry, not nursing focus. Molecular pharmacology - ANSWER -Study of drug interactions at molecular level. Drug effects assessment - ANSWER -Monitoring patient for therapeutic and adverse effects. Medication administration - ANSWER -Process of giving prescribed drugs to patients. Home medication use - ANSWER -Self-administration of medications by patients. Drug concentration - ANSWER -Amount of active ingredient in medication. Expiration date - ANSWER -Date after which medication should not be used. Patient discharge preparation - ANSWER -Instructions for safe home medication management. Unexpected drug effects - ANSWER -Reactions that differ from anticipated outcomes. Pharmacist consultation - ANSWER -Seeking expert advice on medication safety. Older adult considerations - ANSWER -Special attention to medication effects in elderly. Personal contact information - ANSWER -Details for patient inquiries about medications. Medication teaching - ANSWER -Education on drug usage and regimen adherence. Over-the-counter medications - ANSWER -Non-prescription drugs for managing mild symptoms. Sample size package - ANSWER -Temporary medication supply until prescription is filled. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - ANSWER -Regulates drug development and market approval. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) - ANSWER -Controls and regulates use of controlled substances. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - ANSWER -Monitors and responds to public health concerns. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) - ANSWER -Accredits healthcare facilities for quality standards. Phase I drug studies - ANSWER -Initial human trials focusing on safety and dosage. Preclinical phase - ANSWER -Drug testing conducted on animals before human trials. Adverse effects - ANSWER -Unintended harmful reactions to a medication. Informed consent - ANSWER -Agreement after understanding risks of participation. Phase III studies - ANSWER -Final testing phase before drug market release. Healthy male volunteers - ANSWER -Participants in early drug trials for safety assessment. Fetal damage risk - ANSWER -Potential harm to unborn children from drug exposure. Drug testing on women - ANSWER -Necessary for understanding gender-specific drug effects. Drug availability - ANSWER -Access to medications based on testing phase. Clinical trial phases - ANSWER -Stages of drug testing: preclinical, I, II, III. Rigorous scientific testing - ANSWER -Comprehensive evaluation of drug safety and efficacy. Pharmaceutical companies - ANSWER -Organizations developing and testing new medications. Monitoring patients - ANSWER -Ongoing observation during drug administration in trials. Consent form - ANSWER -Document outlining risks and benefits of participation. Drug regimen - ANSWER -Specific plan for medication administration and dosage. Pharmaceutical companies - ANSWER -Entities that develop and market medications. Underreporting - ANSWER -Failing to disclose adverse drug effects. FDA - ANSWER -Agency overseeing drug safety and efficacy. Adverse effects - ANSWER -Unintended harmful reactions to medications. Phase III testing - ANSWER -Final testing phase before drug approval. Risk versus benefit - ANSWER -Assessment of drug safety against its therapeutic value. Drug recalls - ANSWER -Removal of drugs from the market due to safety concerns. Narcotic prescriptions - ANSWER -Controlled medications requiring written authorization. DEA - ANSWER -Agency regulating controlled substances in the U.S. Controlled substances - ANSWER -Drugs regulated due to potential for abuse. Schedule I medications - ANSWER -Drugs with no accepted medical use. Schedule V medications - ANSWER -Drugs with the lowest abuse potential. Category A drugs - ANSWER -Medications with no known risk in pregnancy. Patient safety - ANSWER -Protection of patients from harm during treatment. Clinical market - ANSWER -Population using a drug post-approval. Drug addiction - ANSWER -Compulsive use of substances despite harmful consequences. Drug enforcement - ANSWER -Regulation of drug distribution and use. Obstetric practitioner - ANSWER -Healthcare provider specializing in pregnancy care. Prescription requirements - ANSWER -Legal guidelines for obtaining controlled medications. Medication approval - ANSWER -Process of validating drug safety and effectiveness. Drug efficacy - ANSWER -Ability of a drug to produce desired effects. Patient history - ANSWER -Medical background relevant to treatment decisions. Benefit-risk analysis - ANSWER -Evaluation of therapeutic advantages versus potential harms. Category A drugs - ANSWER -Medications with no known risk during pregnancy. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) number - ANSWER -Unique identifier for prescribing controlled substances. Dispense as written (DAW) - ANSWER -Indicates no generic substitution allowed. Generic drugs - ANSWER -Medications equivalent to brand-name but less expensive. Risk-benefit analysis - ANSWER -Evaluation of potential risks versus benefits of medication. Local policies - ANSWER -Regulations governing medication administration in specific areas. Pharmacist registration - ANSWER -Requirement to dispense medications legally. Physician's DEA registration - ANSWER -Mandatory for prescribing controlled substances. Quality control - ANSWER -Standards ensuring drug safety and efficacy. Brand name medication - ANSWER -Official name given by the manufacturer. Patient age considerations - ANSWER -Factors affecting medication prescribing and safety. Prescription refills - ANSWER -Authorization for a patient to obtain more medication. State Board of Nursing - ANSWER -Regulatory body overseeing nursing practices. Cost-effectiveness - ANSWER -Economic evaluation of medication expenses over time. Papaverine - ANSWER -Medication used for vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation. Medication safety - ANSWER -Assessment of risks associated with drug use. Pharmaceutical equivalence - ANSWER -Generic drugs must match brand-name in dosage form. Patient education - ANSWER -Informing patients about medication use and safety. Medication contraindications - ANSWER -Conditions that prevent safe use of a drug. Patient concerns - ANSWER -Issues raised by patients regarding their treatment. Health conditions - ANSWER -Medical issues affecting medication decisions. Generic Name - ANSWER -Non-capitalized name for a medication. Chemical Name - ANSWER -Descriptive name based on chemical structure. Brand Name - ANSWER -Capitalized name given by manufacturer. Phase IV Study - ANSWER -Post-marketing surveillance of a drug's safety. Patent Expiration - ANSWER -Time limit after which generics can be produced. Orphan Drug - ANSWER -Medication for rare diseases with limited market. Adverse Effects - ANSWER -Unintended harmful reactions to a drug. OTC Medication - ANSWER -Over-the-counter drugs available without prescription. Medication History - ANSWER -Patient's record of all medications taken. Dosage Doubling - ANSWER -Taking twice the recommended amount of medication. Drug Interaction - ANSWER -Effects when two or more drugs are taken together. Toxicity Risks - ANSWER -Potential for harmful effects from drug overdose. Teaching Opportunity - ANSWER -Chance to educate patients about medication use. Prescription Medication - ANSWER -Drugs that require a doctor's authorization. Medication Efficacy - ANSWER -Effectiveness of a drug in treating a condition. Pharmacist Consultation - ANSWER -Advice from a pharmacist regarding medication safety. Masking Symptoms - ANSWER -Concealing signs of illness with medication. Binder in Medications - ANSWER -Inactive ingredient used in drug formulation. Financial Viability - ANSWER -Profitability of producing a specific medication. Medication Compliance - ANSWER -Following prescribed medication instructions accurately. Risk of Lawsuits - ANSWER -Legal liability concerns affecting drug production. Drug Classification - ANSWER -Categorization based on usage, effects, or market. Patient Education - ANSWER -Informing patients about their medications and risks. OTC medications - ANSWER -Over-the-counter drugs that do not require prescriptions. Drug interaction - ANSWER -Effects when two or more drugs influence each other. Drug label - ANSWER -Information on medication packaging for identification. Brand name - ANSWER -Commercial name given to a drug by manufacturer. Generic name - ANSWER -Official name of a drug not protected by trademark. Drug concentration - ANSWER -Amount of active ingredient in a specific volume. Expiration date - ANSWER -Date after which a drug should not be used. Adverse effects - ANSWER -Unintended, harmful reactions to a drug. Package insert - ANSWER -Document providing detailed drug information from manufacturer. Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) - ANSWER -Compilation of package insert information for healthcare professionals. Nurses Drug Guide - ANSWER -Resource using simplified language for nursing considerations. Drug Facts and Comparisons - ANSWER -Resource comparing drug costs and effectiveness. AMA Drug Evaluations - ANSWER -Less biased evaluations of drugs, including research-stage drugs. Drug metabolism - ANSWER -Process of chemical alteration of a drug in the body. Cirrhosis - ANSWER -Liver disease affecting drug metabolism efficiency. Half-life - ANSWER -Time for drug concentration to reduce by half. Toxic levels - ANSWER -Concentrations of a drug that can cause harm. Renal failure - ANSWER -Condition affecting drug excretion through kidneys. Serum concentration - ANSWER -Amount of drug present in blood at a given time. Non-toxic range - ANSWER -Concentration levels of a drug that are safe. Emergency department - ANSWER -Hospital area for urgent medical treatment. Dietary supplements - ANSWER -Products taken to enhance diet, not regulated like drugs. Dizzy spells - ANSWER -Symptoms indicating potential low blood pressure effects. Antihypertensive drug - ANSWER -Medication used to lower blood pressure. Placebo effect - ANSWER -Psychological response affecting treatment outcomes. Accumulation effect - ANSWER -Drug buildup in the body over time. Warm environment impact - ANSWER -Heat causes blood vessels to dilate, lowering pressure. Patient compliance - ANSWER -Adherence to prescribed medication regimen. Drug-drug interactions - ANSWER -Adverse effects from combining medications. Critical concentrations - ANSWER -Minimum drug levels needed for therapeutic effects. Agonist - ANSWER -Drug mimicking natural substances at receptor sites. Noncompetitive antagonist - ANSWER -Blocks receptor sites preventing other chemical reactions. Enzyme interaction - ANSWER -Drug affecting enzyme systems in chemical reactions. Intramuscular route - ANSWER -Injection method delivering medication into muscle tissue. Oral dosage increase - ANSWER -Higher dose needed due to different absorption rates. Dehydration effects - ANSWER -Fluid loss exacerbating low blood pressure symptoms. Medication teaching - ANSWER -Educating patients about their drug regimens. Complete medication list - ANSWER -Essential for preventing drug interactions. Blood pressure stabilization - ANSWER -Maintaining consistent blood pressure levels. Therapeutic effect - ANSWER -Desired outcome from medication administration. Medication compliance on vacation - ANSWER -Challenges maintaining drug regimen while traveling. Patient assessment - ANSWER -Evaluation of patient symptoms and medication effects. Environmental impact on health - ANSWER -Climate changes affecting patient well-being. Pharmacology student inquiry - ANSWER -Seeking clarification on drug classifications. Medication side effects - ANSWER -Unintended reactions to drug therapy. Passive diffusion - ANSWER -Major process for drug absorption into the body. Active transport - ANSWER -Energy-dependent movement of molecules across membranes. Glomerular filtration - ANSWER -Movement of water and solutes into renal tubules. First-pass effect - ANSWER -Drug metabolism in the liver after intestinal absorption. Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER -Study of genetic influences on drug response. Pharmacotherapeutics - ANSWER -Use of drugs for treatment, prevention, and diagnosis. Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER -Study of drug effects on the body. Pharmacoeconomics - ANSWER -Analysis of drug therapy costs and benefits. Critical concentration - ANSWER -Minimum drug level for therapeutic effect. Dynamic equilibrium - ANSWER -Balance of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Selective toxicity - ANSWER -Drug's ability to target foreign cells specifically. Drug compatibility - ANSWER -Assessment of simultaneous drug administration safety. Intramuscular (IM) absorption - ANSWER -Affected by environmental temperature and blood flow. Portal venous system - ANSWER -Pathway delivering absorbed drugs to the liver. Metabolites - ANSWER -Products of drug metabolism that may be active. Therapeutic action - ANSWER -Desired effect of a drug on the body. Renal excretion - ANSWER -Process of eliminating drugs via the kidneys. Drug regimen - ANSWER -Planned course of medication administration. Enzymatic breakdown - ANSWER -Liver process that alters drug structure. Vasoconstriction - ANSWER -Narrowing of blood vessels reducing absorption. Vasodilation - ANSWER -Widening of blood vessels increasing absorption. Patient identification - ANSWER -Verifying patient identity before medication administration. Drug allergies - ANSWER -Adverse reactions to specific medications. Mucous membranes - ANSWER -Tissues that line body cavities, affecting drug absorption. Sublingual administration - ANSWER -Drug delivery under the tongue for rapid absorption. Buccal administration - ANSWER -Drug delivery in the cheek for systemic effects. Receptor sites - ANSWER -Specific areas on cell membranes for drug action. Dynamic equilibrium - ANSWER -Balance of drug processes in the body. Absorption - ANSWER -Process of drug entering the bloodstream. Distribution - ANSWER -Movement of drug to active sites in the body. Biotransformation - ANSWER -Metabolism of drugs, primarily in the liver. Excretion - ANSWER -Removal of drugs from the body. Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER -Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. Pharmacotherapeutics - ANSWER -Use of drugs to treat, prevent, diagnose diseases. Pharmacoeconomics - ANSWER -Economic factors influencing drug therapy costs. Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER -Study of how genes affect drug response. Enzyme systems - ANSWER -Biochemical pathways that affect cellular functions. Cell function - ANSWER -Normal operations of a cell affected by drugs. Dosage scheduling - ANSWER -Timing and frequency of drug administration. Route of administration - ANSWER -Method of delivering a drug into the body. Lipid solubility - ANSWER -Drug's ability to dissolve in fats, influencing absorption. IV administration - ANSWER -Fastest route for drug absorption into the bloodstream. Oral administration - ANSWER -Slower drug absorption via the gastrointestinal tract. Active site - ANSWER -Location where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect. Cell membrane permeability - ANSWER -Ease with which substances pass through cell membranes. Cardiovascular function - ANSWER -Influences drug distribution throughout the body. Metabolism - ANSWER -Chemical alteration of drug by the body. Excretion - ANSWER -Removal of drug from the body. Distribution - ANSWER -Dispersion of drug throughout body tissues. Half-life - ANSWER -Time for drug level to reduce by half. Lipid solubility - ANSWER -Drug's ability to dissolve in fats. Ionization - ANSWER -Charge of a drug affecting its absorption. Perfusion - ANSWER -Blood flow to tissues influencing drug distribution. Ropinerol XR - ANSWER -Extended-release drug with 12-hour half-life. Interferon beta-1a - ANSWER -Drug for multiple sclerosis, injected thrice weekly. Dosage - ANSWER -Amount of drug administered at one time. Subcutaneous injection - ANSWER -Injection beneath the skin layer. Amoxicillin - ANSWER -Antibiotic drug with a 3-hour half-life. Peak level - ANSWER -Maximum concentration of drug in the bloodstream. Drug administration - ANSWER -Process of giving a drug to a patient. Drug concentration - ANSWER -Amount of drug present in a specific volume. Therapeutic effect - ANSWER -Desired beneficial effect of a drug. Toxicity - ANSWER -Adverse effects from excessive drug levels. Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER -Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drug interaction - ANSWER -Effect of one drug on another's action. Bioavailability - ANSWER -Fraction of administered drug reaching systemic circulation. Clearance - ANSWER -Rate at which a drug is removed from the body. Volume of distribution - ANSWER -Measure of drug distribution in body tissues. Peak level - ANSWER -Maximum concentration of drug in the body. Protein-binding sites - ANSWER -Locations where drugs attach to proteins in blood. Gentamicin - ANSWER -An antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. Fluconazole - ANSWER -Antifungal medication used to treat infections. Blood-brain barrier - ANSWER -Protective barrier preventing substances from entering the brain. Lipid-soluble medications - ANSWER -Easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Water-soluble medications - ANSWER -Less likely to cross the blood-brain barrier. First-pass effect - ANSWER -Metabolism of drug in liver before reaching circulation. Distribution - ANSWER -Process of drug dispersing throughout the body. Reduced absorption - ANSWER -Decreased intake of drug into the bloodstream. Gastrointestinal circulation - ANSWER -Pathway of drug absorption through the digestive system. Protein-drug complex - ANSWER -Combination of drug bound to plasma proteins. Active metabolites - ANSWER -Substances that produce effects after drug metabolism. Deactivated metabolites - ANSWER -Substances that are excreted without effects. Central nervous system infection - ANSWER -Infection affecting the brain and spinal cord. Antibiotic treatment - ANSWER -Use of antibiotics to eliminate bacterial infections. Severe infection - ANSWER -Infection that can alter the blood-brain barrier. Capillaries - ANSWER -Small blood vessels where drug action occurs. Tissue reach - ANSWER -Extent to which a drug affects body tissues. Chemical solubility - ANSWER -Ability of a drug to dissolve in serum. Drug efficacy - ANSWER -Effectiveness of a drug in achieving desired outcome. Toxicity - ANSWER -Harmful effects resulting from drug interactions. Drug-laboratory test interaction - ANSWER -Drug administration may alter diagnostic test results. Tetracycline - ANSWER -An antibiotic affected by calcium and iron. Hypernatremia - ANSWER -Elevated sodium levels in the body. Hyperkalemia - ANSWER -Elevated potassium levels in the body. Drug-drug interaction - ANSWER -Effects caused by concurrent administration of drugs. Consult a drug guide - ANSWER -First step to identify drug-drug interactions. Sun sensitivity - ANSWER -Increased risk of skin reactions from certain drugs. Modify drug regimen - ANSWER -Adjusting medications to reduce adverse effects. Evaluate drug effectiveness - ANSWER -Assessing therapeutic outcomes post-administration. History and physical assessment - ANSWER -Gathering patient data to inform care plans. Chronic renal failure - ANSWER -Long-term kidney dysfunction affecting drug metabolism. Calcium products - ANSWER -Substances that inhibit tetracycline absorption. Iron supplements - ANSWER -Compounds that interfere with tetracycline absorption. Timing of medication - ANSWER -Crucial for accurate blood test results. Emotional response - ANSWER -Patient's psychological reaction to their illness. Drug absorption - ANSWER -Process of a drug entering systemic circulation. Pharmacist consultation - ANSWER -Seeking expert advice on medication management. Dosage adjustment - ANSWER -Changing medication amounts to enhance safety. Staggering administration - ANSWER -Timing doses to prevent interactions. Skin reactions - ANSWER -Adverse effects related to drug exposure. Nursing responsibility - ANSWER -Accountability for safe medication practices. Patient education - ANSWER -Informing patients about medication use and effects. Diagnostic study - ANSWER -Tests performed to assess health conditions. Optimal drug effectiveness - ANSWER -Maximizing therapeutic outcomes with medications. Cumulative effect - ANSWER -Toxic levels from inadequate drug elimination. First-pass effect - ANSWER -Drug metabolism in the liver reduces availability. Drug interactions - ANSWER -Adverse reactions from combining drugs or substances. Cross-tolerance effect - ANSWER -Resistance to drugs within the same class. Tolerance - ANSWER -Decreased drug effect requiring larger doses over time. Placebo effect - ANSWER -Increased effectiveness due to patient belief in treatment. Half-life - ANSWER -Time taken for drug concentration to reduce by half. Biotransformation - ANSWER -Chemical modification of a drug by the body. Toxicity - ANSWER -Harmful effects resulting from excessive drug levels. IV administration - ANSWER -Direct drug delivery into the bloodstream. Gastrointestinal disease - ANSWER -Conditions affecting drug absorption and metabolism. Kidney disease - ANSWER -Impaired excretion extending drug half-life. Liver disease - ANSWER -Reduced metabolism leading to prolonged drug effects. Cardiovascular disease - ANSWER -Slowed distribution affecting drug half-life. Compliance - ANSWER -Patient adherence to prescribed medication regimens. Narcotic pain reliever - ANSWER -Opioid used for severe pain management. Cancer pain - ANSWER -Chronic pain associated with cancer conditions. Therapeutic effect - ANSWER -Desired beneficial outcome of drug administration. Psychological need - ANSWER -Compulsive craving for a substance. Complementary therapies - ANSWER -Alternative treatments alongside conventional medicine. Drug metabolism - ANSWER -Conversion of drugs into active or inactive forms. Pharmacological factors - ANSWER -Variables affecting drug action and effectiveness. Pharmacies - ANSWER -Locations where medications can be purchased. Adverse Effects Management - ANSWER -Strategies to reduce discomfort from medication side effects. Drug Cost Comparison - ANSWER -Price difference between brand name and generic drugs. Phase III Testing Statistics - ANSWER -Data from advanced clinical trials for drug efficacy. Superinfection - ANSWER -Infection caused by antibiotic disrupting normal flora. Anaphylactic Reaction - ANSWER -Severe allergic response causing respiratory distress. Histamine Release - ANSWER -Chemical released during anaphylaxis causing swelling. Antihistamine Effects - ANSWER -Medications that relieve allergy symptoms but may cause drowsiness. Patient Compliance - ANSWER -Adherence to prescribed medication regimen by patients. Drug Toxicity - ANSWER -Harmful effects from excessive medication levels. Cytotoxic Reaction - ANSWER -Tissue damage due to drug-induced immune response. Serum Sickness - ANSWER -Immune response causing fever and joint swelling. First-Pass Effect - ANSWER -Metabolism of a drug before it enters systemic circulation. Blood Dyscrasia - ANSWER -Abnormal blood condition potentially caused by drug therapy. Oral Antibiotic - ANSWER -Medication taken by mouth to treat bacterial infections. Vaginal Itching - ANSWER -Discomfort often linked to infections or imbalances. Clear Discharge - ANSWER -Fluid often associated with infections or irritations. Fluid Intake Recommendation - ANSWER -Increased hydration suggested for mucous membrane health. Drowsiness Caution - ANSWER -Warning to avoid activities requiring alertness while medicated. Medication Adherence - ANSWER -Importance of following prescribed drug instructions. Emergency Department Assessment - ANSWER -Critical evaluations in urgent medical situations. Patient Education - ANSWER -Instruction provided to enhance understanding of treatment. Drug Therapy for AIDS - ANSWER -Medications prescribed to manage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Jaundice - ANSWER -Yellow skin and sclera due to liver damage. Stevens-Johnson syndrome - ANSWER -Severe skin reaction causing dark red papules. Hyperkalemia - ANSWER -Elevated potassium level above 5.0 mEq/L. Normal potassium range - ANSWER -Serum potassium levels 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L. Oliguria - ANSWER -Urine output less than 1,000 mL per day. Macrolide antibiotics - ANSWER -Drugs that can cause auditory nerve damage. Tinnitus - ANSWER -Ringing in the ears, may indicate drug toxicity. Antidiabetic medications - ANSWER -Drugs that lower blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemia - ANSWER -Low blood glucose causing confusion and coordination issues. Chloroquine (Aralen) - ANSWER -Medication for rheumatoid arthritis that can cause ocular toxicity. Ocular toxicity - ANSWER -Vision problems caused by certain medications. Potassium-sparing diuretics - ANSWER -Diuretics that can lead to elevated potassium levels. First-pass effect - ANSWER -Metabolism of drugs in the liver before systemic circulation. Dark red papules - ANSWER -Skin lesions indicating potential severe reactions. Urinary output - ANSWER -Normal range is 1,500 to 2,000 cc per day. Antihistamines - ANSWER -Medications for allergies that may cause sedation. Corneal damage - ANSWER -Potential adverse effect of chloroquine use. Balance issues - ANSWER -May occur due to auditory nerve damage. Injury risk - ANSWER -Increased due to dizziness from drug effects. Blood pressure - ANSWER -Can indicate hypokalemia if decreased. Deep Kussmaul's respirations - ANSWER -Rapid breathing due to metabolic acidosis. Confusion - ANSWER -Symptom of hypoglycemia requiring immediate attention. Home care instructions - ANSWER -Guidelines for patient safety and health management. Antihistamines - ANSWER -Medications that block histamine effects, causing sedation. Anticholinergic effects - ANSWER -Side effects leading to decreased sweating and heat stroke risk. Heat stroke - ANSWER -Severe condition due to prolonged high body temperature. Extreme restlessness - ANSWER -Possible indication of Parkinson-like syndrome. Excessive thirst - ANSWER -Common symptom of hyperglycemia in patients. Hallucinations - ANSWER -Perceptions without external stimuli, often drug-related. Therapeutic levels - ANSWER -Concentration of drug needed for effective treatment. Primary actions - ANSWER -Effects resulting from drug overdose or excessive dosage. Dermatologic reaction - ANSWER -Skin response, usually adverse, to medication. Superinfection - ANSWER -Secondary infection occurring after antibiotic treatment. Anticholinergic drug - ANSWER -Medication used to reduce tremors and drooling. Voiding difficulties - ANSWER -Trouble urinating, often a secondary drug effect. Hypersensitivity reaction - ANSWER -Exaggerated immune response to a drug. Allergic reaction - ANSWER -Immune response causing symptoms like rash or anaphylaxis. Secondary action - ANSWER -Unintended effects of a drug, not the main purpose. Penicillin allergy - ANSWER -Adverse immune response to penicillin antibiotics. Drug allergy assessment - ANSWER -Process of determining the nature of a patient's drug reaction. Adrenergic drug - ANSWER -Medications that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. Ephedrine - ANSWER -Bronchodilator that can raise blood glucose levels. Cardiac arrhythmias - ANSWER -Irregular heartbeats, potential side effect of some drugs. Bronchoconstriction - ANSWER -Narrowing of air passages, opposite effect of bronchodilators. Medication dosage adjustment - ANSWER -Modifying drug amount to optimize therapeutic effects. Patient education - ANSWER -Informing patients about potential drug side effects. Teratogen - ANSWER -Drug harming fetus or embryo during pregnancy. Young adult women - ANSWER -Women of child-bearing age, including adolescents. Blood dyscrasia - ANSWER -Abnormal blood condition causing various symptoms. Symptoms of blood dyscrasia - ANSWER -Fever, chills, sore throat, weakness, back pain. Pancytopenia - ANSWER -Reduction of all blood cellular elements. Primary action adverse effects - ANSWER -Extensions of therapeutic action from drug overdosage. Anaphylaxis - ANSWER -Severe allergic reaction to a drug or allergen. Drug allergy - ANSWER -Immune response to drug after antibody formation. Anticholinergic drug - ANSWER -Medication blocking parasympathetic nervous system effects. Urinary retention - ANSWER -Inability to empty bladder completely. Teaching point for anticholinergic use - ANSWER -Empty bladder before taking the medication. Serum sickness - ANSWER -Type of allergic reaction, not defining drug allergy. Electrolyte imbalance - ANSWER -Disruption in normal electrolyte levels in the body. Dermatologic reaction - ANSWER -Skin alterations resulting from drug effects. Adverse effects - ANSWER -Negative reactions from medications beyond therapeutic effects. Anticholinergic responses - ANSWER -Effects from drugs blocking parasympathetic actions. Therapeutic range - ANSWER -Dosage range providing desired drug effects safely. Cancer history patients - ANSWER -Individuals with previous cancer diagnoses. Older adults - ANSWER -Individuals typically aged 65 and older. Antineoplastic medication - ANSWER -Drugs used to treat cancer. Electrolyte symptoms - ANSWER -Symptoms vary by specific electrolyte involved. Low platelet count - ANSWER -Thrombocytopenia, increasing bleeding risk. Hypotonia - ANSWER -Reduced muscle tone, opposite of hypertonia. Urinary incontinence - ANSWER -Involuntary leakage of urine. Antihistamines - ANSWER -Medications used to treat allergic reactions. Drowsiness - ANSWER -Common side effect of antihistamines. Kardex record - ANSWER -Patient's medical information summary for quick reference. Patient education - ANSWER -Informing patients about medication administration. Over-the-counter pain relievers - ANSWER -Non-prescription medications for pain relief. Overdosage - ANSWER -Taking more than the recommended dose of medication. Poisoning - ANSWER -Toxic effects from excessive drug intake. Drug allergy - ANSWER -Immune response to a medication. Serum sickness - ANSWER -Immune reaction to injected proteins or antiserum. Anaphylactic reaction - ANSWER -Severe, life-threatening allergic response. Cytotoxic reaction - ANSWER -Immune attack on body cells by antibodies. Delayed reaction - ANSWER -Allergic response occurring hours to days later. Patient safety - ANSWER -Preventing harm during medical treatment. Erythromycin - ANSWER -Antibiotic known to irritate stomach lining. Abdominal discomfort - ANSWER -Pain or discomfort in the stomach area. Medical history - ANSWER -Patient's past health and treatment records. Lifestyle choices - ANSWER -Patient's habits affecting health, like smoking. Hay fever - ANSWER -Allergic reaction causing sneezing and runny nose. Yoga - ANSWER -Physical practice promoting flexibility and relaxation. Carpenter - ANSWER -Profession involving woodworking and construction. Primary action - ANSWER -Therapeutic effect directly from medication use. Secondary action - ANSWER -Negative effects not related to therapeutic action. Hypersensitivity reaction - ANSWER -Excessive response to drug effects. Allergic reaction - ANSWER -Immune response triggered by drug exposure. Antipsychotic medications - ANSWER -Drugs used to treat severe mental disorders. Muscular tremors - ANSWER -Involuntary muscle contractions or shaking. Drooling - ANSWER -Excess saliva production leading to spillage. Changes in gait - ANSWER -Alterations in walking pattern or stability. Yellow discoloration of skin - ANSWER -Indicates potential liver damage or jaundice. Fine red rash - ANSWER -Dermatological reaction not linked to antipsychotics. Poisoning - ANSWER -Overdose causing damage to multiple body systems. Respiratory distress - ANSWER -Difficulty breathing requiring immediate medical attention. Electrocardiogram (ECG) - ANSWER -Test measuring heart's electrical activity. Arrhythmia - ANSWER -Irregular heartbeat that can be life-threatening. Stored glycogen - ANSWER -Body's energy reserve converted to glucose. Blood sugar increase - ANSWER -Elevated glucose levels in the bloodstream. Dysphagia - ANSWER -Difficulty swallowing, often requiring dietary adjustments. Small, frequent meals - ANSWER -Recommended for patients with swallowing difficulties. NPO - ANSWER -Latin for 'nothing by mouth' in medical care. Pureed foods - ANSWER -Smooth-textured foods for easier swallowing. Thickened liquids - ANSWER -Liquids modified for easier swallowing. Parkinson-like syndrome - ANSWER -Symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease due to medication. Erythromycin - ANSWER -Antibiotic that can cause secondary actions. Akathisia - ANSWER -Extreme restlessness or inability to stay still. Dyskinesia - ANSWER -Involuntary movements often caused by medications. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - ANSWER -A syndrome causing rigidity and hyperthermia post-anesthesia. Extrapyramidal symptoms - ANSWER -Motor control symptoms including rigidity and involuntary movements. Hyperkalemia - ANSWER -Elevated potassium levels causing potential cardiac emergencies. Cardiac emergency - ANSWER -Severe heart rhythm disturbances due to electrolyte imbalance. Anticholinergic medication - ANSWER -Drugs blocking acetylcholine, causing various side effects. Secondary effects - ANSWER -Unintended effects resulting from medication administration. Macrolide antibiotics - ANSWER -Antibiotics that can cause auditory nerve damage. Auditory nerve damage - ANSWER -Harm to hearing pathways, potentially leading to hearing loss. Loop diuretics - ANSWER -Medications increasing excretion of sodium, water, and potassium. Electrolyte excretion - ANSWER -Loss of minerals like potassium through urine. Arrhythmia - ANSWER -Irregular heartbeats caused by electrolyte imbalances. Tachycardia - ANSWER -Increased heart rate, potentially resulting from arrhythmia. Bradycardia - ANSWER -Decreased heart rate, can occur due to arrhythmia. Hyperthermia - ANSWER -Elevated body temperature, often linked to CNS effects. Nasal congestion - ANSWER -Blockage of nasal passages, a secondary anticholinergic effect. Potassium's role - ANSWER -Essential for cardiac cell membrane stability and function. Renal failure - ANSWER -Kidney dysfunction often associated with hyperkalemia. Pregnancy and macrolides - ANSWER -Macrolide antibiotics are generally safe during pregnancy. Profuse sweating - ANSWER -Excessive perspiration, not typical with anticholinergic drugs. Involuntary movements - ANSWER -Uncontrolled muscle movements, indicative of neurological issues. Hypoglycemia - ANSWER -Low blood sugar levels affecting organ function. Glucose's impact - ANSWER -Critical for brain function, especially during hypoglycemia. Fluid and electrolyte balance - ANSWER -Crucial for maintaining normal physiological functions. Brain - ANSWER -Organ using the most glucose for function. Hypoglycemia - ANSWER -Low blood sugar affecting brain function severely. Neurological signs - ANSWER -Symptoms indicating brain dysfunction due to glucose shortage. Sedation - ANSWER -State of decreased awareness or responsiveness. Risk for injury - ANSWER -Potential for harm due to adverse drug effects. Patient safety - ANSWER -Priority concern for nurses during drug therapy. Nursing diagnosis - ANSWER -Clinical judgment about patient health issues. Drug therapy - ANSWER -Treatment involving medications to manage health. Patient education - ANSWER -Teaching patients about their treatment and medications. Therapy evaluation - ANSWER -Assessing effectiveness of treatment interventions. Scope of practice - ANSWER -Limits of professional duties and responsibilities. Medication history - ANSWER -Record of all medications a patient has taken. Compliance - ANSWER -Patient's adherence to prescribed treatment plans. Adverse effects - ANSWER -Unintended negative reactions to medications. Pharmacology - ANSWER -Study of drugs and their effects on the body. Assessment data - ANSWER -Information collected to inform patient care. Financial support - ANSWER -Resources available to assist with healthcare costs. Health maintenance - ANSWER -Ongoing management of health and wellness. Over-the-counter medications - ANSWER -Drugs available without a prescription. Therapeutic outcomes - ANSWER -Desired results from medical treatment. Patient-centered care - ANSWER -Approach focusing on individual patient needs. Nursing responsibilities - ANSWER -Duties nurses must fulfill in patient care.