FRESENIUS EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
What bleach solution must all surfaces be cleaned with? - ANS 1:100
What bleach solution is used to disinfect large blood spills? - ANS 1:10
What is aseptic technique? - ANS A set of practices and procedures performed under
carefully controlled conditions with the goal of minimizing contamination by pathogens.
List three blood borne pathogens that may be found in a dialysis unit? - ANS Hep B, Hep C &
HIV
What is an exposure incident? - ANS A blood/body fluid splash or spray occurring to the eyes,
nose or mouth or to non-intact skin. A contaminated sharps injury is also considered an
exposure incident.
What steps should you take during an exposure incident? - ANS 1. Wash/rinse the area
2. Report incident to the clinical manager or charge nurse (if CM not present)
3. Seek medical treatment w/in 1-2 hrs (exposure tx and counseling)
4.OSHA documentation and workman's comp documentation as applies
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,Why are Hep B patients dialyzed in isolation rooms? - ANS -Hep B is extremely contagious
-It can live outside the body for up to 7 days
Why are Hep C patients dialyzed in the clinic area and not in isolation? - ANS -Hep C is not as
contagious as Hep B
-It does not survive very long on the outside of the body
What blood test indicates infection with Hep B? - ANS HbsAg is the test for the Hep B
antigen. This indicates actual viral presence.
Which blood test indicates the presence of immunity against Hep B? - ANS HbsAb is the test
for the antibodies. It indicates the presence of immunity against Hepatitis B.
Which vaccine provides long-term immunity to Hep B? - ANS Multiple injections of either
Recombivax or Engerix vaccine. They help produce Hep B antibodies
How is TB spread? - ANS Airborne droplets from infected individuals
How do you prevent TB in the clinic? - ANS Active TB patients cannot dialyze in clinics. Pt
must have 3 consecutive negative sputum cultures before the can return dialyzing in clinic.
What are VRE & MRSA? - ANS VRE: a group of gram-negative bacteria that lve in he intestinal
tract that can cause infection anywhere in the body. They are resistant to several antibiotics.
VRE can survive outside of the body on surfaces for as long as seven days.
MRSA: different varieties staph bacteria. They are normally found on the skin or in the nose of
about 1/3 of people. When a person is infected they are resistant to antibiotics commonly used
to treat ordinary staph infections. MRSA can survive outside the body for as long as 7 days.
What precautions do you take while caring for a MRSA/VRE patient? - ANS They do not need
isolation but should be seated in the same area as others infected. Proper designated PPE
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, should be worn specifically for those patients. HANDWASHING only 40-60 seconds. They need
to have their own bp cuff, stethoscope, tourniquet etc. Open wounds/ dressing should never be
changed in the clinic. CVC dressings should be disposed of in sharp container.
What are the anatomical structures of the urnary system in order of urine flow? - ANS 1. 2
Kidneys
2. 2 Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ANS -remove waste
-remove fluids
-regulate pH
-regulate electrolytes
What are the hormonal functions of the kidneys? - ANS -release renin to help regulate or
control BP, potassium and sodium
-production of erythropoietin: stimulates RBC production
-regulation of calcium/phosphorus balance through activation of Vitamin D
What is the nephron and what is its function? - ANS It is the functional unit of the kidney. It
filters blood from the urine.
What is the glomerulus and what is its function? - ANS It is at the beginning of the nephron,
it's a network of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering the blood. It filters water and
solutes into Bowman's capsule.
What two functions of healthy kidneys can be replaced by dialysis? - ANS -fluid removal
-cleaning of wastes
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AND ANSWERS
What bleach solution must all surfaces be cleaned with? - ANS 1:100
What bleach solution is used to disinfect large blood spills? - ANS 1:10
What is aseptic technique? - ANS A set of practices and procedures performed under
carefully controlled conditions with the goal of minimizing contamination by pathogens.
List three blood borne pathogens that may be found in a dialysis unit? - ANS Hep B, Hep C &
HIV
What is an exposure incident? - ANS A blood/body fluid splash or spray occurring to the eyes,
nose or mouth or to non-intact skin. A contaminated sharps injury is also considered an
exposure incident.
What steps should you take during an exposure incident? - ANS 1. Wash/rinse the area
2. Report incident to the clinical manager or charge nurse (if CM not present)
3. Seek medical treatment w/in 1-2 hrs (exposure tx and counseling)
4.OSHA documentation and workman's comp documentation as applies
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Why are Hep B patients dialyzed in isolation rooms? - ANS -Hep B is extremely contagious
-It can live outside the body for up to 7 days
Why are Hep C patients dialyzed in the clinic area and not in isolation? - ANS -Hep C is not as
contagious as Hep B
-It does not survive very long on the outside of the body
What blood test indicates infection with Hep B? - ANS HbsAg is the test for the Hep B
antigen. This indicates actual viral presence.
Which blood test indicates the presence of immunity against Hep B? - ANS HbsAb is the test
for the antibodies. It indicates the presence of immunity against Hepatitis B.
Which vaccine provides long-term immunity to Hep B? - ANS Multiple injections of either
Recombivax or Engerix vaccine. They help produce Hep B antibodies
How is TB spread? - ANS Airborne droplets from infected individuals
How do you prevent TB in the clinic? - ANS Active TB patients cannot dialyze in clinics. Pt
must have 3 consecutive negative sputum cultures before the can return dialyzing in clinic.
What are VRE & MRSA? - ANS VRE: a group of gram-negative bacteria that lve in he intestinal
tract that can cause infection anywhere in the body. They are resistant to several antibiotics.
VRE can survive outside of the body on surfaces for as long as seven days.
MRSA: different varieties staph bacteria. They are normally found on the skin or in the nose of
about 1/3 of people. When a person is infected they are resistant to antibiotics commonly used
to treat ordinary staph infections. MRSA can survive outside the body for as long as 7 days.
What precautions do you take while caring for a MRSA/VRE patient? - ANS They do not need
isolation but should be seated in the same area as others infected. Proper designated PPE
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, should be worn specifically for those patients. HANDWASHING only 40-60 seconds. They need
to have their own bp cuff, stethoscope, tourniquet etc. Open wounds/ dressing should never be
changed in the clinic. CVC dressings should be disposed of in sharp container.
What are the anatomical structures of the urnary system in order of urine flow? - ANS 1. 2
Kidneys
2. 2 Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ANS -remove waste
-remove fluids
-regulate pH
-regulate electrolytes
What are the hormonal functions of the kidneys? - ANS -release renin to help regulate or
control BP, potassium and sodium
-production of erythropoietin: stimulates RBC production
-regulation of calcium/phosphorus balance through activation of Vitamin D
What is the nephron and what is its function? - ANS It is the functional unit of the kidney. It
filters blood from the urine.
What is the glomerulus and what is its function? - ANS It is at the beginning of the nephron,
it's a network of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering the blood. It filters water and
solutes into Bowman's capsule.
What two functions of healthy kidneys can be replaced by dialysis? - ANS -fluid removal
-cleaning of wastes
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
