RADT 450 Final Exam | Updated Spring 2025, Complete Solutions

RADT 450 Final Exam | Updated Spring 2025, Complete Solutions in the diagnostic range, the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is high enough to eject an outer shell electron causing ionization a. true b. false in a bremsstrahlung interaction, the closer the incident electron travels to the nucleus, the lower the energy of the resultant x-ray photon a. true b. false the creation of a characteristic photon is always the result of a k-shell electron ejection a. true b. false filament saturation occurs when the negative charge of the electron cloud opposes the emission of additional electrons from the filament a. true b. false like the cathode, the anode comprises a single metal called tungsten a. true b. false the line-focus principle is used to reduce the actual area of the focal spot a. true b. false the anode target increases, the primary beam field size increases a. true b. false according to the anode heel effect, the radiation intensity is greater on the anode side a. true b. false If the distance from the source to the image (SID) is reduced by half, how is the x-ray intensity at the image affected a. it is doubled b. it is reduced by 1/2 c. it is increased 4 times d. it is reduced by 1/4 if a technologist changes the technique from 70 kVp @ 200 mAs to 70 kVp @ 400 mAs, the x-ray intensity will ---- and optical density will ---- a. remain the same; remain the same b. remain the same; double c. double; remain the same d. double; double the inverse square law has the same effect on optical density and x-ray a. quantity b. intensity c. exposure d. all of the above An increase of 15% in kVp is equivalent to increasing mAs ---- a. 50% b. 100% c. 30% d. 15% if an exposure is 50mR at an SID of 40 inches, what would the exposure be at an SID of 60 inches a. 75mR b. 112.5mR c. 33.3mR d. 22.2mR (50(40^2))/60^2 beam quality is affected by a. mAs and distance b. filtration and mAs c. kVp and mAs d. kVp and filtration the half value layer (HVL) of an x-ray beam is a measurement of beam ---- a. intensity b. quantity c. quality d. all of the above The energy of a bremsstrahlung photon is a. the difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron b. equal to the kinetic energy of the exiting electron c. the sum of the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron d. equal to the kinetic energy of the entering electron Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with a. an inner shell electron b. an outer shell electron c. the force field of the nucleus d. none of the above At the end of the characteristic cascade, the ____ shell is missing an electron a. innermost b. outermost c. characteristic d. k the k-shell can hole a maximum of ---- electrons a. 6 b. 2 c. 1 d. 8 Most of the heat generated at the target is due to _____. a. nucleus bombardment d. inner shell ionization c. k x-rays d. outer shell excitation the production of heat at the anode is directly proportional to a. kVp b. filament current c, rotor speed d. tube current The useful characteristic x-rays from tungsten targets are ---- x-rays. a. N-shell b. L-shell c. K-shell d. M-shell At 55 kVp, _____ of the x-rays produced are bremsstrahlung. a. 100% b. 15% c. 80% d. none characteristic x-rays are produced by a. excitation of outer shell electron b. nuclear fragmentation c. braking electrons d. released binding energy An exposure taken at 100 kVp would have a continuous emission spectrum with a maximum energy of _____ keV. a. 69 b. 140 c. 100 d. 30 An increase in kVp would _____ the _____ of the emission spectrum. a. not affect; amplitude and position b. increase; amplitude only c. increase; position only d. increase; amplitude and position How does added filtration affect the emission spectrum? a. reduced amplitude and a shift to the right b. increased amplitude and a shift to the left c. increased amplitude and a shift to the right d. reduced amplitude and a shift to the left As an x-ray tube ages, the inside can become coated with tungsten, which can cause _____ in the tube. a. off-focus radiation b. anode pitting c. arcing d. convection thermionic emission at the filament creates a a. grid control b. heel effect c. line focus d. space charge the rotating anode is turned by a a. thermal cushion b. mechanical pulley c. rotating belt d. magnetic field Because of the line focus principal, the effective focal spot size decreases with decreasing _____. a. target angle b. window thickness c. rotor speed d. space charge The cathode side of the tube should be directed toward the ______ part of the patient. a. thicker b. upper c. lower d. thinner tube failure can occur from a. high kVp techniques b. long exposure times c. short exposure times d. extrafocal radiation The filament in an x-ray tube is about ______ in length a. 10-20 cm b. 8-10 cm c. 1-2 cm d. 3-4 cm the ---- is/are outside the glass envelope a. rotor b. focal spot c. stators d. filaments Extrafocal or off-focus radiation is produced from _____. a. scattered x-rays b. rebounding electrons c. dual focus cathodes d. overheated anodes each of the following is a material of choice for the filament except a. molybdenum b. tungsten c. rhenium d. copper the most common diagnostic radiography target angle is ---- degrees a. 45 b. 54 c. 24 d. 12 the operating console contains circuits that are a. high voltage only b. low voltage only c. non voltage d. both high and low voltage Variations in power distribution to the x-ray machine are corrected by the _____. a. high voltage autotransformer b. automatic exposure control c. line voltage compensator d. full-wave rectifier the first component to receive power in the x-ray circuit is the a. autotransformer b. rectifier c. high voltage transformer d. mA meter a step-down transformer is located in the ---- circuit a. timing b. rectifier c. tube d. filament the automatic exposure control (AEC) terminates the exposure when a. the set time is reached b. sufficient radiation reaches the image receptor c. set radiation leaves the x-ray tube d. the correct mAs is reached. A diode allows electrons to flow from a. cathode to anode b. cathode to cathode c. anode to cathode d. anode to anode The difference in the waveform between the primary and secondary sides of the high voltage transformer is _____. a. frequency b. velocity c. amplitude d. all of the above In modern imaging systems, the components for rectification are _____. a. solid state semiconductors b. high frequency transformers c. vacuum tubes d. capacitor discharge generators a single-phase waveform has ---- ripple a. 14% B. 100% C. 4% d. 1% How many alterations in the direction of the current flow occur in 0.10 second in a 60 Hz AC current a. 12 b. 60 c. 120 d. 6 falling load generators a. permit the mA to fall as exposure time increases b. are designed to use the highest allowable mA c. permit higher mA exposures for short exposure times d. all of the above which of the following will occur as a result of decreasing the anode target angle 1. anode heel effect will be less pronounced 2. effective focal spot size will decrease 3. greater photon intensity toward the cathode side of the x-ray tube a. 1, 2, 3 b. 2 & 3 only c. 1 only d. 1 & 2 only professional medical imaging personnel must possess many desirable traits and skills. to succeed in patient interactions as a part of performing examinations, it is important that the radiographer a. work efficiently by minimizing small conversations with patients that slow down the procedure b. reference procedure notes or textbooks often during examinations to reassure the patient that the radiographer is double checking his or her work for safety reasons c. avoid touching patients for fear of offending them d. do none of the above critical thinking is an essential part of the radiologic sciences profession. this requires the professional radiographer to use broad intellectual skills and experiences when making the correct choice for any given situation, as a result of the fact that a. working with each patient is a unique experience b. no two procedures or treatments are the same c. many decisions are difficult and complex d. all of the above all of the following choices would generally require critical analysis thinking except a. checking in for work and reviewing the day's schedule b. preparing to perform a radiographic exam on a non-English speaking patient c. working in the emergency room with a trauma patient d. working in surgery with a portable C-Arm that is malfunctioning the transfer of knowledge gained in the laboratory or classroom setting is best demonstrated a. on volunteer patients in a skills lab b. on human phantoms in the practice lab c. through essay questions on a major exam d. in an actual clinical setting on patients which of the following affects communication a. emotions b. values d. perception d. all of the above critical thinking implies a. making a choice agreeable to the group b. weighing all aspects of the situation c. making a decision based on current norms d. relying on surveys and graphs critical thinking requires a. changing your opinion to conform with the group b. a humble approach in weighing the evidence c. charts and graphs to analyze d. at least three articles on the subject an unbiased solution is most likely obtained by a. an attitude of humility and respect b. disregarding multiple and conflicting ideas c. a straightforward decision with confidence d. a group consensus characteristics of a critical thinking are a. quick thinker and quick action b. confidence and self-esteem c. rational and analytical d. loyalty to the group in the united states, the fastest growing age group is a. newborns b. ages under 25 c. mid-life individuals d. ages over 85 The primary duty of a radiographer when caring for someone from a different culture is a. respect b. attempting to communicate in the patient's language c. learning universal sign language d. calling someone to translate exposure factor selection for optimum image quality is one of the most challenging aspects of radiography. in your attempt to produce an image of a patient's hip in the AP projections, you become frustrated with the images you have created, as it is suboptimal in image quality. when you show the image to the supervisor, he abruptly states that you need to repeat the image and this time "get it right". as you begin to repeat the image, your first critical analysis thought should be to a. select the best solution to get a good image b. clearly identify the problem that led to the suboptimal image c. pull out your notes to find a solution d. ask you classmates for help and pick one of their suggestions which of the following situations would require critical analysis thinking skills 1. a patient asking for directions to the restroom 2. a physician asking you to call his office to speak to a nurse 3. improvising the angulation of the x-ray tube to compensate for a patient condition 4. your supervisor asking you to develop a new quality control plan 5. repositioning a patient after assessing the patient's previous images 6. providing a gown to a patient with instructions on putting it on correctly 7. modifying exposure factors after reviewing the patient's history a. 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 3, 4, 5, and 7 only d. 1, 2, and 6 only all of the following are nonverbal communication characteristics except your a. tone of voice b. body language c. amount of eye contact d. professional appearance you have received a request to perform a radiographic study on a patient who is clearly intoxicated. in preparing to perform this procedure you should a. close all the examination room doors to prevent others from hearing the patient's language b. put on a patient gown in case the patient vomits on you c. ensure your safety by checking to see that the hospital security officer will stay with the patient during the procedure d. prepare patient restraint devices, including restraint jackets, and tape in order to hold him down during the procedure the dying patient who wants to stay alive long enough to see his son graduate from college would be what stage of the dying process a. denial b. depression c. anger d. bargaining when communicating with a young child as part of a radiographic exam, an effective strategy to communicate would be to a. kneel down to the child's eye level and lower your voice b. speak loudly and quickly so the child knows you're in charge c. allow one of the younger radiographers in the department to perform the study d. speak exclusively to the parent so the child cooperates when working with an elderly patient a. speak slowly and clearly, and ask for understanding and feedback b. write down your instructions first for the patient to read c. give the patient breathing instructions while you're positioning him or her, in order to hasten the procedure d. assume the patient can see and hear you clearly, and move quickly and deliberately in order to get done when radiographing a very young child or a mentally impaired patient a. work silently in order to avoid questions and alarming the patient b. ask the patient if he or she has ever had this type of procedure before c. try and get a family member to be a part of the examination for communication and reassurance d. speak loudly and take charge of the examination from the beginning which of the following is an example of a negative nonverbal communication technique a. giving a pleasant smile b. maintaining eye contact c. leaning toward the patient when talking to him or her d. talking to the patient with your back turned as you record in the chart aging is a natural part of living. as you work with older patients it is important to empathize with their condition and understand the physiologic changes of the aging process. these changes may include 1. always feeling cold 2. a heightened state of mental alertness and memory 3. a greater awareness of their surroundings 4. a loss of tactile sensation in fingertips 5. a greater likelihood of skin damage during movement and transport 6. less flexibility and joint mobility a. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only b. 1, 4, 5 ,and 6 only c. 2, 3, and 5 only d. 4, 5, and 6 only the use of humor during radiographic procedures can be effective with patients, if used professionally and under the right circumstance. an example of correct use of humor would be a. repeating an ethic joke you heard on the radio earlier in the day b. making light of the bad weather and how it "brightened your day" to have a job inside c. telling the patient you need to repeat the examination because the "mouse on the generator flywheel" didn't run fast enough to give you enough power for the exposure d. commenting on the patient's tattoo and how funny it looks with the skin stretched from the x-ray position communication is