Advanced Pathophysiology TEST QUESTIONS ACCURATE TESTED VERSIONS OF THE EXAM FROM 2025 TO 2026 | ACCURATE AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | NEXT GEN FORMAT | GUARANTEED PASS WITH 100+ QUESTIONS

1. Structural eye changes caused by aging or chronic disease result in decreased visual acuity. What is the primary reason for this? o A) Increased intraocular pressure o B) Loss of lens elasticity with aging o C) Corneal degeneration o D) Decreased tear production o Correct Answer: B) Loss of lens elasticity with aging Rationale: Aging or chronic disease can reduce visual acuity by affecting structures like the lens, causing loss of accommodation. 2. Which of the following are major alterations in ocular movement? o A) Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism o B) Strabismus, nystagmus, and paralysis of the extraocular muscles o C) Retinal detachment and macular degeneration o D) Glaucoma and cataracts o Correct Answer: B) Strabismus, nystagmus, and paralysis of the extraocular muscles Rationale: These are the key alterations that affect ocular movement. 3. Which of the following can cause alterations in visual acuity? o A) Amblyopia, cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma o B) Age-related changes only o C) Chronic diseases only o D) Retinal detachment and inflammation Correct Answer: A) Amblyopia, cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma Rationale: These conditions are common causes of visual acuity issues. 4. Alterations in accommodation can develop with: o A) Increased intraocular pressure, inflammation, and disease of the oculomotor nerve o B) Cataracts and glaucoma o C) Strabismus and nystagmus o D) Myopia and hyperopia o Correct Answer: A) Increased intraocular pressure, inflammation, and disease of the oculomotor nerve Rationale: These factors impact the eye’s ability to focus, leading to accommodation problems. 5. Presbyopia, a loss of accommodation, is caused by: o A) Retinal detachment B) Loss of lens elasticity with aging C) Eye trauma o D) Diabetes Correct Answer: B) Loss of lens elasticity with aging Rationale: Presbyopia results from the age-related loss of flexibility in the lens, affecting near vision. 6. Which of the following are common alterations in refraction? o A) Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism o B) Cataracts and macular degeneration o C) Retinal detachment o D) Glaucoma Correct Answer: A) Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism Rationale: These are the most common refractive errors affecting vision. 7. Which condition can cause alterations in color vision? o A) Cataracts o B) Disorders of the cornea and color blindness o C) Glaucoma o D) Retinal detachment Correct Answer: B) Disorders of the cornea and color blindness Rationale: Color vision is most affected by corneal diseases and inherited color blindness. 8. Trauma or disease of the optic nerve pathways can cause: o A) Cataracts B) Blindness in the visual fields C) Color blindness D) Myopia Correct Answer: B) Blindness in the visual fields Rationale: Damage to the optic nerve or pathways can result in visual field loss. 9. Homonymous hemianopsia is caused by damage to: o A) The retina o B) One optic tract o C) The oculomotor nerve o D) The lens Correct Answer: B) One optic tract Rationale: Damage to one optic tract leads to visual field loss on the same side of both eyes. 10. Which part of the ear is composed of the pinna, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane? o A) External ear o B) Middle ear o C) Inner ear o D) Eustachian tube Correct Answer: A) External ear Rationale: The external ear consists of these structures responsible for capturing and directing sound. 11. The tympanic cavity contains which of the following? A) Cochlea and vestibule B) Malleus, incus, and stapes o C) Organ of Corti o D) Auditory canal Correct Answer: B) Malleus, incus, and stapes Rationale: These three bones transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. 12. Which structure is responsible for maintaining balance in the inner ear? o A) Cochlea o B) Tympanic membrane o C) Semicircular canals and vestibule o D) Eustachian tube Correct Answer: C) Semicircular canals and vestibule Rationale: These structures are responsible for equilibrium and balance. 13. Approximately what percentage of people over 65 years old experience hearing loss? o A) 10% o B) 25% o C) 33% o D) 50% Correct Answer: C) 33% Rationale: Around one-third of older adults experience hearing loss. 14. Which of the following classifications of hearing loss exists? A) Conductive only B) Sensorineural only o C) Conductive, sensorineural, mixed, or functional o D) Functional only Correct Answer: C) Conductive, sensorineural, mixed, or functional Rationale: Hearing loss can be classified in several ways based on the cause of impairment.