,Table of Contents
1. Introduction to the principles of transportation ............................................... 2
2. The transportation system .............................................................................. 7
3. Logistics and supply chain conceptual issues ............................................... 12
4. The future of transportation .......................................................................... 22
5. Transportation and economic development .................................................. 26
6. Transportation and Society ........................................................................... 30
7. Transportation costs ..................................................................................... 36
8. Transport terminals....................................................................................... 42
9. Types of terminals ......................................................................................... 47
10. Transborder and cross- border transportation ............................................ 59
11. Urban transportation ................................................................................. 68
12. Transport planning and policy .................................................................... 78
13. Warehouse management........................................................................... 87
14. Inventory Management ............................................................................ 100
1
, 1. Introduction to the principles of transportation
Transportation is a “system, which implies complexity and interrelations between
different elements”.
Transportation is a field of application borrowing concepts and methods from a wide
variety of disciplines.
Transport routes are created to distribute resources between places where they are
abundant and places where they are scarce, but only if the costs are lower than the
benefits.
Transportation is a product of social and economic activity; as such, good and reliable
transport is needed for sustainable economic growth.
The unique purpose of transportation is to overcome space, which is shaped by a
variety of human and physical constraints such as distance, time, administrative
divisions and topography
These constraints result in resistance to any movement, commonly known as the
friction of distance or space
A key concept in transportation includes volume, distance, friction and effort.
1. Volume represents a load of passengers or freight that can be carried as a single
load.
2. Friction is the difficulty of moving a volume per unit of distance – the friction of
distance. It can be related, for instance, to the quality of transport infrastructure.
3. Effort is the amount of energy required to move the volume per unit of distance,
considering the friction. It is commonly represented as the cost of transport.
Effort = f (volume, distance, friction)
If friction was reduced, it would require less effort to move the same volume over a
distance
The development of modern society is very complex, the peace and stability of the
world depending on the ease of social interaction and trade between nation states.
2
, What are the impacts on transport and logistics?
Though the electronic communications system has developed to a stage where links
between individuals and companies can be made in seconds worldwide, cohesion still
depends largely on the provision of an acceptable system of mechanised transport.
This system should allow people to travel and meet, as well as facilitate trade by
enabling all kinds of goods to be exchanged and transported.
Core principles of transportation
What is derived demand?
Spatial linking of derived demand
Demand for transport is derived from the demand for products or services or the
participation in economic and/or social activities
Distance
- space between origin and destination
- perception of distance is the effort made to overcome it
Efforts can be evaluated in terms of:
o spatial distance
o time distance
o cost/ energy spent to overcome distance
3
1. Introduction to the principles of transportation ............................................... 2
2. The transportation system .............................................................................. 7
3. Logistics and supply chain conceptual issues ............................................... 12
4. The future of transportation .......................................................................... 22
5. Transportation and economic development .................................................. 26
6. Transportation and Society ........................................................................... 30
7. Transportation costs ..................................................................................... 36
8. Transport terminals....................................................................................... 42
9. Types of terminals ......................................................................................... 47
10. Transborder and cross- border transportation ............................................ 59
11. Urban transportation ................................................................................. 68
12. Transport planning and policy .................................................................... 78
13. Warehouse management........................................................................... 87
14. Inventory Management ............................................................................ 100
1
, 1. Introduction to the principles of transportation
Transportation is a “system, which implies complexity and interrelations between
different elements”.
Transportation is a field of application borrowing concepts and methods from a wide
variety of disciplines.
Transport routes are created to distribute resources between places where they are
abundant and places where they are scarce, but only if the costs are lower than the
benefits.
Transportation is a product of social and economic activity; as such, good and reliable
transport is needed for sustainable economic growth.
The unique purpose of transportation is to overcome space, which is shaped by a
variety of human and physical constraints such as distance, time, administrative
divisions and topography
These constraints result in resistance to any movement, commonly known as the
friction of distance or space
A key concept in transportation includes volume, distance, friction and effort.
1. Volume represents a load of passengers or freight that can be carried as a single
load.
2. Friction is the difficulty of moving a volume per unit of distance – the friction of
distance. It can be related, for instance, to the quality of transport infrastructure.
3. Effort is the amount of energy required to move the volume per unit of distance,
considering the friction. It is commonly represented as the cost of transport.
Effort = f (volume, distance, friction)
If friction was reduced, it would require less effort to move the same volume over a
distance
The development of modern society is very complex, the peace and stability of the
world depending on the ease of social interaction and trade between nation states.
2
, What are the impacts on transport and logistics?
Though the electronic communications system has developed to a stage where links
between individuals and companies can be made in seconds worldwide, cohesion still
depends largely on the provision of an acceptable system of mechanised transport.
This system should allow people to travel and meet, as well as facilitate trade by
enabling all kinds of goods to be exchanged and transported.
Core principles of transportation
What is derived demand?
Spatial linking of derived demand
Demand for transport is derived from the demand for products or services or the
participation in economic and/or social activities
Distance
- space between origin and destination
- perception of distance is the effort made to overcome it
Efforts can be evaluated in terms of:
o spatial distance
o time distance
o cost/ energy spent to overcome distance
3
