1. Cellular Injury and Necrosis (Q1–Q5)
1. Which of the following changes is characteristic
of irreversible cell injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Chromatin clumping
C. Plasma membrane disruption
D. Ribosomal detachment
Answer: C
Rationale: Plasma membrane disruption leads to loss of
ionic gradients and leakage of intracellular enzymes—
hallmarks of irreversible injury (Wikipedia).
2. Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in:
A. Brain infarcts
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Abscess formation
Answer: C
Rationale: Ischemic injury in heart causes protein
denaturation while preserving tissue architecture, defining
coagulative necrosis (Wikipedia).
3. Liquefactive necrosis is most characteristic of:
A. Tuberculosis granulomas
B. Pus‐forming bacterial infections
C. Fatty tissue injury
D. Immune complex vasculitis
,Answer: B
Rationale: Bacterial enzymes and leukocyte hydrolytic
enzymes digest tissue into a viscous liquid (pus)
(Wikipedia).
4. Caseous necrosis is classically associated with:
A. Clostridial gangrene
B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
C. Autoimmune vasculitis
D. Acute pancreatitis
Answer: B
Rationale: Granulomatous inflammation with central
necrosis (“cheese-like”) occurs in TB lesions (Wikipedia).
5. Fat necrosis occurs due to:
A. Immune-mediated vascular damage
B. Hypoxic injury in adipose tissue
C. Lipase release from injured pancreas
D. Deposition of fibrin in vessel walls
Answer: C
Rationale: Pancreatic lipases hydrolyze triglycerides,
forming chalky calcium soaps in peripancreatic fat
(Wikipedia).
2. Inflammation (Q6–Q10)
6. The earliest vascular event in acute inflammation
is:
A. Vasoconstriction
, B. Vasodilation
C. Increased permeability
D. Leukocyte extravasation
Answer: B
Rationale: Transient arteriolar vasoconstriction is quickly
followed by vasodilation, causing redness and heat
(Wikipedia).
7. Which cell is the hallmark of acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. Eosinophil
D. Basophil
Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders, abundant
in acute inflammatory exudates (Wikipedia).
8. Selectin molecules mediate:
A. Firm adhesion
B. Rolling of leukocytes
C. Diapedesis
D. Chemotaxis
Answer: B
Rationale: P- and E-selectins on endothelium bind
leukocyte carbohydrates to slow and roll cells (Wikipedia).
9. Chronic inflammation is distinguished by
presence of:
A. Edema
1. Which of the following changes is characteristic
of irreversible cell injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Chromatin clumping
C. Plasma membrane disruption
D. Ribosomal detachment
Answer: C
Rationale: Plasma membrane disruption leads to loss of
ionic gradients and leakage of intracellular enzymes—
hallmarks of irreversible injury (Wikipedia).
2. Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in:
A. Brain infarcts
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Abscess formation
Answer: C
Rationale: Ischemic injury in heart causes protein
denaturation while preserving tissue architecture, defining
coagulative necrosis (Wikipedia).
3. Liquefactive necrosis is most characteristic of:
A. Tuberculosis granulomas
B. Pus‐forming bacterial infections
C. Fatty tissue injury
D. Immune complex vasculitis
,Answer: B
Rationale: Bacterial enzymes and leukocyte hydrolytic
enzymes digest tissue into a viscous liquid (pus)
(Wikipedia).
4. Caseous necrosis is classically associated with:
A. Clostridial gangrene
B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
C. Autoimmune vasculitis
D. Acute pancreatitis
Answer: B
Rationale: Granulomatous inflammation with central
necrosis (“cheese-like”) occurs in TB lesions (Wikipedia).
5. Fat necrosis occurs due to:
A. Immune-mediated vascular damage
B. Hypoxic injury in adipose tissue
C. Lipase release from injured pancreas
D. Deposition of fibrin in vessel walls
Answer: C
Rationale: Pancreatic lipases hydrolyze triglycerides,
forming chalky calcium soaps in peripancreatic fat
(Wikipedia).
2. Inflammation (Q6–Q10)
6. The earliest vascular event in acute inflammation
is:
A. Vasoconstriction
, B. Vasodilation
C. Increased permeability
D. Leukocyte extravasation
Answer: B
Rationale: Transient arteriolar vasoconstriction is quickly
followed by vasodilation, causing redness and heat
(Wikipedia).
7. Which cell is the hallmark of acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. Eosinophil
D. Basophil
Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders, abundant
in acute inflammatory exudates (Wikipedia).
8. Selectin molecules mediate:
A. Firm adhesion
B. Rolling of leukocytes
C. Diapedesis
D. Chemotaxis
Answer: B
Rationale: P- and E-selectins on endothelium bind
leukocyte carbohydrates to slow and roll cells (Wikipedia).
9. Chronic inflammation is distinguished by
presence of:
A. Edema
