NUR 2063 Essential of Pathophysiology*MODULE 4
EXAM 1* POSITIVE
Symptoms - ANSWERSSubjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
sign - ANSWERSIf the doctor, nurse, or anyone notice evidence of disease such as a
fever
Homeostasis - ANSWERSA tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state;
the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
Epinephrine is released during a stress response True or False - ANSWERSTrue; Aka
Adrenaline
function of mitochondria - ANSWERSpowerhouse of the cell, ATP production, and
Production of the cell energy.
The effective of the RAAS system -
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWERSis essential for long-term blood
pressure regulation. It involves a complex system of hormones, proteins and enzymes.
vasodilation - ANSWERSA widening and increase of the diameter of a blood vessel.
vasoconstriction - ANSWERSReduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the
diameter of superficial blood vessels.
Hyperplasia - ANSWERSthe enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an
abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
Apply the concept of homeostasis - ANSWERS1.Stimulus produce change in variable
(body temperature falls), 2.Receptor detect change (detected by thermoreceptors in
skin), 3.Information sent along Afferent pathway to control center, 4. Control centre
process message (in the thermoregulatory centre in brain).
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWERSan internal membrane system in which
components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed. (Smooth & Rough
ER)
Function of hormone renin - ANSWERSRenin is an enzyme that helps control your
blood pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body.
(When blood volume or sodium levels in the body are low, or blood potassium is high,
cells in the kidney release the enzyme, renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen, which is
produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I.)
, Hydrostatic pressure capillaries - ANSWERSThe pressure that blood exerts in the
capillaries is known as blood pressure. The force of hydrostatic pressure means that as
blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out through its pores and into the
interstitial space.
Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema (T/F) - ANSWERS(True) Edema-
Is swelling or excessive fluid.
include high venous pressure (e.g., heart failure, venous blockage) or excessive fluid
and sodium retention (e.g, acute renal failure).
What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? - ANSWERSBlood loss from
cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting and diarrhea Abnormally
excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by excessive intake of diuretic substances
or medications or from renal disorder.
Tetany - ANSWERSa symptom characterized by the involuntary contraction of muscles
that leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of the voice box (i.e., larynx), and sensory
disturbances.
What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? - ANSWERSHypocalcemia - aka
LOW calcium
tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
Symptoms of dehydration - ANSWERSthirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry
eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
Osmosis - ANSWERSDiffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Clinical manifestations of fluid excess - ANSWERSperipheral edema, periorbital
edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, jugular vein
distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles.
2 Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid? - ANSWERS(Sodium
and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood, in
lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the cavities
and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body tissues.
Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? - ANSWERS(Potassium)
The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant environment for cellular
operations.
Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? - ANSWERSGastrointestinal losses
(vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suctioning)
Excessive diaphoresis (sweating)
Hemorrhage
EXAM 1* POSITIVE
Symptoms - ANSWERSSubjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
sign - ANSWERSIf the doctor, nurse, or anyone notice evidence of disease such as a
fever
Homeostasis - ANSWERSA tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state;
the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
Epinephrine is released during a stress response True or False - ANSWERSTrue; Aka
Adrenaline
function of mitochondria - ANSWERSpowerhouse of the cell, ATP production, and
Production of the cell energy.
The effective of the RAAS system -
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWERSis essential for long-term blood
pressure regulation. It involves a complex system of hormones, proteins and enzymes.
vasodilation - ANSWERSA widening and increase of the diameter of a blood vessel.
vasoconstriction - ANSWERSReduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the
diameter of superficial blood vessels.
Hyperplasia - ANSWERSthe enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an
abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
Apply the concept of homeostasis - ANSWERS1.Stimulus produce change in variable
(body temperature falls), 2.Receptor detect change (detected by thermoreceptors in
skin), 3.Information sent along Afferent pathway to control center, 4. Control centre
process message (in the thermoregulatory centre in brain).
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWERSan internal membrane system in which
components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed. (Smooth & Rough
ER)
Function of hormone renin - ANSWERSRenin is an enzyme that helps control your
blood pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body.
(When blood volume or sodium levels in the body are low, or blood potassium is high,
cells in the kidney release the enzyme, renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen, which is
produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I.)
, Hydrostatic pressure capillaries - ANSWERSThe pressure that blood exerts in the
capillaries is known as blood pressure. The force of hydrostatic pressure means that as
blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out through its pores and into the
interstitial space.
Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema (T/F) - ANSWERS(True) Edema-
Is swelling or excessive fluid.
include high venous pressure (e.g., heart failure, venous blockage) or excessive fluid
and sodium retention (e.g, acute renal failure).
What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? - ANSWERSBlood loss from
cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting and diarrhea Abnormally
excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by excessive intake of diuretic substances
or medications or from renal disorder.
Tetany - ANSWERSa symptom characterized by the involuntary contraction of muscles
that leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of the voice box (i.e., larynx), and sensory
disturbances.
What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? - ANSWERSHypocalcemia - aka
LOW calcium
tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
Symptoms of dehydration - ANSWERSthirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry
eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
Osmosis - ANSWERSDiffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Clinical manifestations of fluid excess - ANSWERSperipheral edema, periorbital
edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, jugular vein
distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles.
2 Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid? - ANSWERS(Sodium
and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood, in
lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the cavities
and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body tissues.
Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? - ANSWERS(Potassium)
The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant environment for cellular
operations.
Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? - ANSWERSGastrointestinal losses
(vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suctioning)
Excessive diaphoresis (sweating)
Hemorrhage
