NR283 EXAM 3 ACTUAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
Hypokalemia
Serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L
This may lead to cardiac arrest.
Hypokalemia signs and symptoms
Cardiac arrhythmias leading to arrest
Anorexia, nausea, constipation
Fatigue, muscle twitching, weakness, leg cramps
Shallow respirations, paresthesia (numbness or tingling)
Postural hypotension (lower when standing)
Polyuria, nocturia
Elevated serum pH (greater than 7.45, or alkalosis)
Hypokalemia causes
Excessive loss due to diarrhea
Lost in urine when on certain diuretic drugs, like furosemide
Excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body (Cushing syndrome)
Decreased dietary intake (associated with alcoholism, eating disorders, and
starvation)
Treating diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin (forces potassium back into the
cell, lowering the serum potassium leve
,Hydrochloric acid (H+) function
Digestion
Hypertonic Dehydration
Characterized by
increased serum sodium and osmolality
Sodium chloride (Na+ ) function
Regulates osmotic pressure
Mg+ Magnesium chloride function
Works with muscle and nerves
Ca+ Calcium chloride function
Important for bone regulation
Hyponatremia causes
sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
,use of some medications while on a low-salt diet
hormonal imbalances
early stages of chronic renal failure
excessive water intake
Hypertonic Dehydration
Cellular Changes
Water is transported out of the cell. Solute concentration inside the cell is
lower. The cell shrinks.
What occurs during osmosis?
Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher
solute concentration.
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
within the cell
amount to Two-thirds of the body's fluids
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
outside the cell
amount to One-third of the fluid in the body
, Hydrostatic pressure
is the pressure exerted to push fluid from one compartment to another.
increase permeability
is described as a change in the wall of a membrane to allow more material to
pass through it.
Osmotic pressure
draws fluid from an area of higher concentration to one of lower
concentration.
Osmolarity
is a value used to describe the concentration (number of particles) within a
fluid. its determines osmotic pressure.
Hormones in fluid imbalances
are used to attract fluid or control the pressure of the vascular system.
proteins in fluid imbalances
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
Hypokalemia
Serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L
This may lead to cardiac arrest.
Hypokalemia signs and symptoms
Cardiac arrhythmias leading to arrest
Anorexia, nausea, constipation
Fatigue, muscle twitching, weakness, leg cramps
Shallow respirations, paresthesia (numbness or tingling)
Postural hypotension (lower when standing)
Polyuria, nocturia
Elevated serum pH (greater than 7.45, or alkalosis)
Hypokalemia causes
Excessive loss due to diarrhea
Lost in urine when on certain diuretic drugs, like furosemide
Excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body (Cushing syndrome)
Decreased dietary intake (associated with alcoholism, eating disorders, and
starvation)
Treating diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin (forces potassium back into the
cell, lowering the serum potassium leve
,Hydrochloric acid (H+) function
Digestion
Hypertonic Dehydration
Characterized by
increased serum sodium and osmolality
Sodium chloride (Na+ ) function
Regulates osmotic pressure
Mg+ Magnesium chloride function
Works with muscle and nerves
Ca+ Calcium chloride function
Important for bone regulation
Hyponatremia causes
sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
,use of some medications while on a low-salt diet
hormonal imbalances
early stages of chronic renal failure
excessive water intake
Hypertonic Dehydration
Cellular Changes
Water is transported out of the cell. Solute concentration inside the cell is
lower. The cell shrinks.
What occurs during osmosis?
Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher
solute concentration.
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
within the cell
amount to Two-thirds of the body's fluids
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
outside the cell
amount to One-third of the fluid in the body
, Hydrostatic pressure
is the pressure exerted to push fluid from one compartment to another.
increase permeability
is described as a change in the wall of a membrane to allow more material to
pass through it.
Osmotic pressure
draws fluid from an area of higher concentration to one of lower
concentration.
Osmolarity
is a value used to describe the concentration (number of particles) within a
fluid. its determines osmotic pressure.
Hormones in fluid imbalances
are used to attract fluid or control the pressure of the vascular system.
proteins in fluid imbalances
