Hoorcollege 1
Politico
- De-industrialization
Germany is one of the leading countries in industrialization. The industry in Germany is
determining rapidly.
Post-industrial society: A society that moved from an industrial society and economy to a
post-industrial society.
There are some consequences because of this shift.
- Industrial age.
- Post Industrial age.
Industrialisation and the welfare state
1. The logic of industrialisation thesis. During the 19th century. People in the
countryside lost their jobs. The cities grow. A lot of people moved to the city. City’s
grew. In these cities, the new workers were packed, not enough houses, low wages,
poverty, criminality, so we needed a welfare state.
2. The functionalist Marxist approach. Workers would start a revolution and would end
the capitalist area. They found out that the capitalist system would not go down.
Why? the welfare state. It fills the gaps of the capitalist system. People can not get
too poor and the welfare state takes care of reproduction. People get more schooling
for example.
3. Modernisation Theory. Messy theory with concepts from all theories. Forget this one
4. The power resources approach. Welfare states emerged in countries where working
organised in political parties and unions. These strived for social policy schemes.
Education, health care, social insurance, to protect their workers. The more the
workers succeed, the bigger the welfare states.
5. The institutional approach. How does the welfare state develop over time? When you
have a certain type of welfare state. New social policy schemes will resemble the
early/old policy schemes. New resembles old.
6. The social organisation of production thesis. The welfare state is more the less a
reflection of the type of labour relation between employers and employees.
The first two, what is wrong with these.
- There was a need for the welfare state. The fact that there is a need, it does not
mean that these needs are addressed.
- We should see the society as a human body. This body composed of different organs
can only work if the organs corporate in a efficient way.
- Sometimes the body is ill, The functionalist say that the body can sometimes cure
itself.
- It assumes that if there is a problem, that this problem will solve itself, but we never
learn how. That's not right.
What is wrong with the fourth and fifth theory?
- Do not explain why we have a welfare state.
- What is the welfare state a solution for?
- Where does it come from?
,So together it is a strong theory but in itself not. The social organization of production thesis
is the answer to this.
- Says there is social change. Industrialisation.
- What makes the welfare state necessary. Changes in social relations.
Industrialisation in Europe
From agrarian to industrial Economy.
- Mechanisation of production (Both in agriculture and industry)
- Rise of large-scale industrial companies.
Social consequences.
- Urbanisation
- Rise of labour movement.
- Changing labour relations → Fordism.
Fordism:
- Henry Ford.
- End of the 19th century. Around 1910, he introduced a revolutionary new system.
Cars were produced by workers. Ford standardized it by splitting the production
process as much as possible. Let workers do only one part of the production. You
don’t need specialized workers anymore. It was very successful. Workers only
needed to learn one thing.
- Large-scale and standardised production.
- So it was successful, but workers did not like their work anymore, it was doll.
Workers needed to work with machines, so it was dangerous. It was disciplined work.
If one person messed up, the whole production would mess up.
- Unschooled labour.
- Dull, dangers, disciplined.
Ford came with solutions.
- 10 dollars a day. He promised that if people came to work, they would get 10 dollar a
day (very much for back then).
- Still many people left. So he made the job more attractive by promising things like
permanent jobs.
- Life long jobs. Could not be fired.
- New social contracts.
- Regulation of labour relations.
- Protection from and compensation of risk → welfare state.
- They promised that if people got sick, they would still get a certain percentage of their
wage.
- Even built houses for their employers.
What Ford was doing, other countries started to do as well.
Employers started to build mini insurances. Mini welfare systems. The government started to
nationalize these. The welfare state turned into a national welfare state.
, By the end of the 1950 most of the welfare states were fulfilled.
Industrialisation and the welfare state.
The main characteristics of the industrial welfare state.
The industrial welfare state.
- Protection of employees: insiders and outsiders. Especially employees with steady
jobs where protected. Mostly men. Insiders were employed and protected. Women
were mostly outsiders. Outsiders got nothing.
- Protection of families : breadwinner model. Protected employees, namely men. So
these systems must protect families. Men were often the breadwinners. In these
families, there is one breadwinner, who must be protected in a way that if they could
not work anymore the whole family should be protected.
- Compensation. Workers got a benefit. For example if they lost a leg they got a
compensation, a benefit, for a few years. In return there was not much you had to do.
- Corporatism: Social partners and government. The first welfare states were created
in small groups, in companies. When all was nationalised you had to go to an
organisation for the sector you worked in. If you lost the job, were unable or sick, you
could go to the organisation fitting your sector and they would decide if you got a
compensation.
Post-industrial society is still in development. It changed the society and labour relation, and
economy. It thus also changes the welfare state.
From industrial to post-industrial economy.
- The decline of traditional industry.
- The rise of the service sector → iIgure.
- Growing female labour market participation.
In the course of the 1950 competatism appeared in west europe. In other countries they
could produce the same product as in west-europe, but cheaper. Lower cost, lower prices.
The countries were low-wage countries. So west-europe prices were too high. The welfare
state was growing, and we had to pay for the welfare state, so products got more expensive
because costs were growing. East Asians formed a big competition.
By the end of the 60s many businesses went bankrupt. Many people got unemployed. They
lost their jobs and factory’s disappeared. At the same time, jobs in the service sector were
growing. From the 1980s the service sector grew fast. Several reasons:
1. Rising wages. People had more money to spend. They could pay more for luxury
products. This stimulated the service sector.
2. People got better educated. People didn’t want to do doll and disciplined work
anymore. Educational levels raised. This was favored by the service sector because
there were educated people needed.
3. More women in the labour market. Emancipating of women. Women tend to be more
willing to work flexibly. Work different times and different moments. This is favored by
the service sector because these jobs don’t have the 9 till 5 times. More part time
jobs.
The economic system changed.
Politico
- De-industrialization
Germany is one of the leading countries in industrialization. The industry in Germany is
determining rapidly.
Post-industrial society: A society that moved from an industrial society and economy to a
post-industrial society.
There are some consequences because of this shift.
- Industrial age.
- Post Industrial age.
Industrialisation and the welfare state
1. The logic of industrialisation thesis. During the 19th century. People in the
countryside lost their jobs. The cities grow. A lot of people moved to the city. City’s
grew. In these cities, the new workers were packed, not enough houses, low wages,
poverty, criminality, so we needed a welfare state.
2. The functionalist Marxist approach. Workers would start a revolution and would end
the capitalist area. They found out that the capitalist system would not go down.
Why? the welfare state. It fills the gaps of the capitalist system. People can not get
too poor and the welfare state takes care of reproduction. People get more schooling
for example.
3. Modernisation Theory. Messy theory with concepts from all theories. Forget this one
4. The power resources approach. Welfare states emerged in countries where working
organised in political parties and unions. These strived for social policy schemes.
Education, health care, social insurance, to protect their workers. The more the
workers succeed, the bigger the welfare states.
5. The institutional approach. How does the welfare state develop over time? When you
have a certain type of welfare state. New social policy schemes will resemble the
early/old policy schemes. New resembles old.
6. The social organisation of production thesis. The welfare state is more the less a
reflection of the type of labour relation between employers and employees.
The first two, what is wrong with these.
- There was a need for the welfare state. The fact that there is a need, it does not
mean that these needs are addressed.
- We should see the society as a human body. This body composed of different organs
can only work if the organs corporate in a efficient way.
- Sometimes the body is ill, The functionalist say that the body can sometimes cure
itself.
- It assumes that if there is a problem, that this problem will solve itself, but we never
learn how. That's not right.
What is wrong with the fourth and fifth theory?
- Do not explain why we have a welfare state.
- What is the welfare state a solution for?
- Where does it come from?
,So together it is a strong theory but in itself not. The social organization of production thesis
is the answer to this.
- Says there is social change. Industrialisation.
- What makes the welfare state necessary. Changes in social relations.
Industrialisation in Europe
From agrarian to industrial Economy.
- Mechanisation of production (Both in agriculture and industry)
- Rise of large-scale industrial companies.
Social consequences.
- Urbanisation
- Rise of labour movement.
- Changing labour relations → Fordism.
Fordism:
- Henry Ford.
- End of the 19th century. Around 1910, he introduced a revolutionary new system.
Cars were produced by workers. Ford standardized it by splitting the production
process as much as possible. Let workers do only one part of the production. You
don’t need specialized workers anymore. It was very successful. Workers only
needed to learn one thing.
- Large-scale and standardised production.
- So it was successful, but workers did not like their work anymore, it was doll.
Workers needed to work with machines, so it was dangerous. It was disciplined work.
If one person messed up, the whole production would mess up.
- Unschooled labour.
- Dull, dangers, disciplined.
Ford came with solutions.
- 10 dollars a day. He promised that if people came to work, they would get 10 dollar a
day (very much for back then).
- Still many people left. So he made the job more attractive by promising things like
permanent jobs.
- Life long jobs. Could not be fired.
- New social contracts.
- Regulation of labour relations.
- Protection from and compensation of risk → welfare state.
- They promised that if people got sick, they would still get a certain percentage of their
wage.
- Even built houses for their employers.
What Ford was doing, other countries started to do as well.
Employers started to build mini insurances. Mini welfare systems. The government started to
nationalize these. The welfare state turned into a national welfare state.
, By the end of the 1950 most of the welfare states were fulfilled.
Industrialisation and the welfare state.
The main characteristics of the industrial welfare state.
The industrial welfare state.
- Protection of employees: insiders and outsiders. Especially employees with steady
jobs where protected. Mostly men. Insiders were employed and protected. Women
were mostly outsiders. Outsiders got nothing.
- Protection of families : breadwinner model. Protected employees, namely men. So
these systems must protect families. Men were often the breadwinners. In these
families, there is one breadwinner, who must be protected in a way that if they could
not work anymore the whole family should be protected.
- Compensation. Workers got a benefit. For example if they lost a leg they got a
compensation, a benefit, for a few years. In return there was not much you had to do.
- Corporatism: Social partners and government. The first welfare states were created
in small groups, in companies. When all was nationalised you had to go to an
organisation for the sector you worked in. If you lost the job, were unable or sick, you
could go to the organisation fitting your sector and they would decide if you got a
compensation.
Post-industrial society is still in development. It changed the society and labour relation, and
economy. It thus also changes the welfare state.
From industrial to post-industrial economy.
- The decline of traditional industry.
- The rise of the service sector → iIgure.
- Growing female labour market participation.
In the course of the 1950 competatism appeared in west europe. In other countries they
could produce the same product as in west-europe, but cheaper. Lower cost, lower prices.
The countries were low-wage countries. So west-europe prices were too high. The welfare
state was growing, and we had to pay for the welfare state, so products got more expensive
because costs were growing. East Asians formed a big competition.
By the end of the 60s many businesses went bankrupt. Many people got unemployed. They
lost their jobs and factory’s disappeared. At the same time, jobs in the service sector were
growing. From the 1980s the service sector grew fast. Several reasons:
1. Rising wages. People had more money to spend. They could pay more for luxury
products. This stimulated the service sector.
2. People got better educated. People didn’t want to do doll and disciplined work
anymore. Educational levels raised. This was favored by the service sector because
there were educated people needed.
3. More women in the labour market. Emancipating of women. Women tend to be more
willing to work flexibly. Work different times and different moments. This is favored by
the service sector because these jobs don’t have the 9 till 5 times. More part time
jobs.
The economic system changed.
