FROM PREP TO PERFECTION! YOUR NUR 507 EXAM 3 A+
BLUEPRINT.
cutaneous/superficial pain
arises in the skin or the subcutaneous tissue; may cause short-term pain (ex. a burn or
abrasion)
visceral pain
caused by stimulation of deep internal pain receptors (ex. cramps, labor pain, GI
problems)
visceral pain location
abdominal cavity, thorax, cranium
visceral pain description
tight, pressure, cramp-y
deep somatic pain
comes from sources such as blood vessels, joints, tendons, muscles, and bone (ex.
fracture/sprain, arthiritis, bone cancer)
deep somatic pain description
localized and achy or tender
radiating pain
starts at the origin but extends to other locations (ex. sore throat —-> ears and head)
referred pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
phantom pain
pain felt in a body part that is no longer there
psychogenic pain
pain believed to arise from the mind. Perceives pain despite no causes.
causes of pain
nociceptive and neuropathic
nociceptive pain
- most common
- occurs when nociceptors respond to damaging stimuli
- often results from injury to body tissues
,two types of nociceptive pain
somatic (skin, muscles, bones or connective tissue) and visceral (internal organs)
neuropathic pain
- chronic pain
- injury to one or more nerves resulting in repeated transmission of pain stimuli even
when absent
- burning, numbness, itching, "pins and needles"
Origin of pain
-cutaneous
-visceral
-deep somatic
-radiating
-referred
-phantom
-psychogenic
acute pain
short-term (up to 6 months)
chronic pain
3 to 6+ months
intractable pain
chronic and resistant to relief
pain quality
may be described as sharp or dull, aching, throbbing, stabbing, burning, ripping,
searing, or tingling.
pain periodicity
may be referred to as episodic, intermittent, or constant
pain intensity
mild, distracting, moderate, severe, intolerable
Steps in pain
1. Transduction
2. Transmission
, 3. Perception
4. Modulation
Hyperalgesia
excessive sensitivity to painful stimuli
factors influencing pain
- Emotions
- previous pain experience
- developmental stage
- sociocultural factors
- communication/cognitive impairments
indicators of pain in the cognitively impaired
- facial expressions
- vocalizations
- fidgeting, inc. pacing, disruptive , etc.
- changes in routines
- mental status change
- physiological cues
which system does acute pain activate?
SNS
which system does chronic pain activate?
PNS, if long enough
Unrelieved pain and endocrine system
excessive release of hormones --> weight loss, fever, inc RR
unrelieved pain and cardiovascular system
inc. HR & BP, inc cardiac output
unrelieved pain and muskoskeletal
impaired muscle function and immobility
unrelieved pain and respiratory
shallow breathing "splinting"
unrelieved pain and genitourinary system
dec. urinary output, urinary retention, hypokalemia
BLUEPRINT.
cutaneous/superficial pain
arises in the skin or the subcutaneous tissue; may cause short-term pain (ex. a burn or
abrasion)
visceral pain
caused by stimulation of deep internal pain receptors (ex. cramps, labor pain, GI
problems)
visceral pain location
abdominal cavity, thorax, cranium
visceral pain description
tight, pressure, cramp-y
deep somatic pain
comes from sources such as blood vessels, joints, tendons, muscles, and bone (ex.
fracture/sprain, arthiritis, bone cancer)
deep somatic pain description
localized and achy or tender
radiating pain
starts at the origin but extends to other locations (ex. sore throat —-> ears and head)
referred pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
phantom pain
pain felt in a body part that is no longer there
psychogenic pain
pain believed to arise from the mind. Perceives pain despite no causes.
causes of pain
nociceptive and neuropathic
nociceptive pain
- most common
- occurs when nociceptors respond to damaging stimuli
- often results from injury to body tissues
,two types of nociceptive pain
somatic (skin, muscles, bones or connective tissue) and visceral (internal organs)
neuropathic pain
- chronic pain
- injury to one or more nerves resulting in repeated transmission of pain stimuli even
when absent
- burning, numbness, itching, "pins and needles"
Origin of pain
-cutaneous
-visceral
-deep somatic
-radiating
-referred
-phantom
-psychogenic
acute pain
short-term (up to 6 months)
chronic pain
3 to 6+ months
intractable pain
chronic and resistant to relief
pain quality
may be described as sharp or dull, aching, throbbing, stabbing, burning, ripping,
searing, or tingling.
pain periodicity
may be referred to as episodic, intermittent, or constant
pain intensity
mild, distracting, moderate, severe, intolerable
Steps in pain
1. Transduction
2. Transmission
, 3. Perception
4. Modulation
Hyperalgesia
excessive sensitivity to painful stimuli
factors influencing pain
- Emotions
- previous pain experience
- developmental stage
- sociocultural factors
- communication/cognitive impairments
indicators of pain in the cognitively impaired
- facial expressions
- vocalizations
- fidgeting, inc. pacing, disruptive , etc.
- changes in routines
- mental status change
- physiological cues
which system does acute pain activate?
SNS
which system does chronic pain activate?
PNS, if long enough
Unrelieved pain and endocrine system
excessive release of hormones --> weight loss, fever, inc RR
unrelieved pain and cardiovascular system
inc. HR & BP, inc cardiac output
unrelieved pain and muskoskeletal
impaired muscle function and immobility
unrelieved pain and respiratory
shallow breathing "splinting"
unrelieved pain and genitourinary system
dec. urinary output, urinary retention, hypokalemia
