• Up-to-Date Anatomy & Physiology Proctored Exam Review Guide

1. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with excessive thirst,
dry mouth, and frequent urination. Her blood glucose is elevated.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
symptoms?
A. Type 1 diabetes
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: B. Type 2 diabetes
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance,
leading to symptoms like excessive thirst, frequent urination, and
elevated blood glucose levels.

2. Case Study: A 55-year-old male with a history of smoking
presents with shortness of breath and chronic cough that has
persisted for years. His oxygen saturation is low.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Asthma
B. Emphysema
C. Chronic bronchitis
D. Pneumonia
Answer: B. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), often caused by smoking, and it presents with
chronic cough and shortness of breath.

3. Case Study: A 32-year-old female presents with irregular
menstrual cycles, hirsutism, and acne.
Question: What condition is most likely causing her symptoms?
A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

,B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Addison's disease
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Rationale: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder that leads to
irregular menstrual cycles, excess hair growth (hirsutism), and
acne due to elevated androgen levels.

4. Case Study: A 25-year-old male presents with persistent
headaches, visual disturbances, and an enlarged sella turcica on
imaging.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
findings?
A. Brain tumor
B. Pituitary adenoma
C. Migraine
D. Sinusitis
Answer: B. Pituitary adenoma
Rationale: A pituitary adenoma can cause headaches, visual
disturbances (due to pressure on the optic chiasm), and
enlargement of the sella turcica, where the pituitary gland resides.

5. Case Study: A 28-year-old female presents with anxiety,
irritability, and excessive sweating. She has recently gained
weight despite dieting.
Question: What condition is most likely contributing to her
symptoms?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. Pheochromocytoma
Answer: B. Hypothyroidism
Rationale: Hypothyroidism can cause symptoms like weight gain,

, anxiety, and irritability due to a deficiency in thyroid hormones.

6. Case Study: A 70-year-old female with osteoporosis presents
with a hip fracture after a fall.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her fracture?
A. Trauma
B. Osteomalacia
C. Osteoporosis
D. Paget’s disease
Answer: C. Osteoporosis
Rationale: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased
bone density, leading to increased fracture risk from minimal
trauma, such as a fall.

7. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with shortness of
breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough. He has a history of
smoking and a family history of respiratory issues.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Emphysema
B. Pneumonia
C. Bronchitis
D. Asthma
Answer: A. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema, a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), is common in smokers and can cause shortness of
breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough due to damage to the
alveoli in the lungs.

8. Case Study: A 40-year-old female presents with bilateral leg
swelling and fatigue. She has a history of recent cancer treatment.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Lymphedema