• Latest Anatomy & Physiology Proctored Exam Guide for Success

1. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with excessive thirst,
dry mouth, and frequent urination. Her blood glucose is elevated.
Question: What condition is most likely responsible for these
symptoms?
A. Type 1 diabetes
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: B. Type 2 diabetes
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance,
leading to symptoms like excessive thirst, frequent urination, and
elevated blood glucose levels.

2. Case Study: A 45-year-old female presents with hair loss, weight
gain, and cold intolerance. Her laboratory tests show low TSH,
low T3, and low T4 levels.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
D. Cushing's syndrome
Answer: C. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Rationale: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that
causes hypothyroidism. The low TSH, T3, and T4 levels, along
with the clinical presentation, are consistent with this diagnosis.

3. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with sudden, severe
chest pain that radiates to the left arm and jaw, sweating, and
shortness of breath.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Myocardial infarction

,B. Angina pectoris
C. Aortic dissection
D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Answer: A. Myocardial infarction
Rationale: The patient’s symptoms are classic for a myocardial
infarction (heart attack), including chest pain radiating to the left
arm and jaw, sweating, and shortness of breath.

4. Case Study: A 70-year-old female with osteoporosis presents
with a hip fracture after a fall.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her fracture?
A. Trauma
B. Osteomalacia
C. Osteoporosis
D. Paget’s disease
Answer: C. Osteoporosis
Rationale: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased
bone density, leading to increased fracture risk from minimal
trauma, such as a fall.

5. Case Study: A 70-year-old male presents with difficulty moving
his legs, tremors, and a shuffling gait.
Question: What condition is most likely causing these symptoms?
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Alzheimer’s disease
D. Stroke
Answer: A. Parkinson’s disease
Rationale: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder
characterized by tremors, bradykinesia (slow movement), and a
shuffling gait.

6. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with abdominal pain,

, bloating, and diarrhea. He has a family history of colon cancer.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
C. Colon cancer
D. Lactose intolerance
Answer: B. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Rationale: Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease
and ulcerative colitis, presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
bloating, and it has a strong genetic component.

7. Case Study: A 40-year-old male presents with increasing
fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine. His history includes heavy
alcohol consumption.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hepatitis
B. Cirrhosis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cholecystitis
Answer: B. Cirrhosis
Rationale: Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused
by chronic liver diseases, including alcoholism. Symptoms include
jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue.

8. Case Study: A 40-year-old female presents with bilateral leg
swelling and fatigue. She has a history of recent cancer treatment.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Lymphedema
B. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
C. Heart failure
D. Nephrotic syndrome
Answer: A. Lymphedema
Rationale: Lymphedema is a common consequence of cancer