Immunology HMX Exam Latest Study Questions with Verified Answers UPDATED 2025

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HMX Immunology


Immunology HMX Exam Latest Study
Questions with Verified Answers
UPDATED 2025
______________________ is the transfer of tissue/organ from one individual to another
-Correct Answer ✔Transplantation

_________________________ is the transfer of blood cells/blood products from one
individual to another -Correct Answer ✔Transfusion

_________________ transplant is the most common transplantation -Correct Answer
✔kidney

_____________________ transfusion is the most common transfusion -Correct Answer
✔red blood cell

Individuals who are not identical twins differ in many genes that they do not inherit. This
means individuals will have different proteins based on these different genes. These
differences are called ______________________ -Correct Answer ✔polymorphisms

In transplantation, if one person is a donor and another is a recipient, then there might
be a difference in proteins between each person. So, when an organ is transplanted,
the recipient's immune system can detect the transplanted cells as non-self and lead an
attack against them. This attack involves ________________ and ____ cells and is
called an ___________________ ________________ _______________ -Correct
Answer ✔antibodies
T cells

allogeneic immune response

The recipient's T cells and antibodies that enter the implanted organ after
transplantation cause inflammation in the organ as if the organ is a foreign invader, like
a microbe. This leads to injury/death of the implanted organ. This is called
_________________ _______________ -Correct Answer ✔transplant rejection

The most polymorphic genes in our entire genome are the _____________________
___________________ _________________ genes. -Correct Answer ✔major
histocompatibility complex (aka HLA genes)

MHC class II has the variants: __________, __________, and _________ proteins -
Correct Answer ✔DP
DQ


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DR

MHC class I has the variants: ____________, ______________ and _________ -
Correct Answer ✔A
B
C

If we take all the different alleles in the human population that encode normal
functioning versions of the MHC class I and II variants, there are over ______________
alleles -Correct Answer ✔5,000

HLA-B has over _______________ alleles -Correct Answer ✔2,500

_______ is the major immunological barrier to transplantation -Correct Answer ✔MHC

______________ have carbohydrates on their surface, but they differ from one person
to another -Correct Answer ✔RBCs

The antigens on red blood cells include: _______, _________, _________ or
_________ -Correct Answer ✔A
B
AB
O

If someone is type A, this means they have the A antigen and they have antibodies that
recognize the antigens that they do not express. So, type A has natural ______
antibodies that recognize the ______ antigen. Type B has antibodies that recognize the
______ antigen. Type O has antibodies that recognize the ________ and _______
antigen. Type AB has _________ antibodies -Correct Answer ✔IgM

B

A

A
B

neither

If you want to transfuse blood across individuals, then the antibodies can cause trouble.
For example, if type A is transfused into someone with type B, then the recipient with
type B (who has antibodies against type A) will cause the destruction of type A blood
either by ___________________ activation or _________________. This is called a
____________________ ________________ -Correct Answer ✔complement
phagocytosis


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transfusion reaction

Given what you have learned about the genetic loci that are most important for
transplant compatibility, it is likely that ____________ are the primary mediators of
transplant rejection.

1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. macrophages
4. neutrophils -Correct Answer ✔2. T lymphocytes

A burn victim receives a skin transplant. Theoretically, his medical team could choose
from several different donors, but the choice of donor is obvious in this case. Who is the
donor?

1. the patient's twin brother
2. the patient's spouse
3. the patient's son
4. the patient -Correct Answer ✔4. the patient

Which immune mechanisms or processes are most commonly associated with
transfusion reactions? (select two answers)

1. antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
2. complement activation
3. CTL degranulation
4. neutralization
5. opsonization -Correct Answer ✔2. complement activation
5. opsonization

The antigens of the ABO blood groups are:

1. carbohydrates.
2. nucleic acids.
3. proteins.
4. lipids. -Correct Answer ✔1. carbohydrates.

To predict the chances of transplant rejection, three HLA proteins are the most
important: __________, ___________ and __________ -Correct Answer ✔HLA-A
HLA-B
DR

___________ ____________ is used to reduce chances of rejection. We can match
proteins of the donor and recipient to see if the recipient has similar proteins as the


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donor. Identical proteins are usually found amongst _______________. If there is not a
sibling donor with a perfect match, then we can try to find someone who at least shares
some MHC genes. -Correct Answer ✔HLA matching

siblings

If some genes are different, there will be an immune response against those HLA
proteins which can lead to rejection. To treat the potential of rejection, we can treat the
patient with ______________________ drugs. -Correct Answer ✔immunosuppressive

The most common immunosuppressive drugs that block the T cell response after T cells
bind to the antigen are called ____________________ _____________________. The
most common of these drugs is ________________________ -Correct Answer
✔calcineurin inhibitors

Cyclosporin

Normally, after T cell activation, the T cell releases cytokines which bind to the T cell's
interleukin 2 receptor. The most common immunosuppressive drug that blocks
activation from the ______________________ ____ receptor is
_____________________ -Correct Answer ✔interleukin 2

Rapamycin

There are drugs that are antibodies that are given to transplant recipients that bind to
molecules on the surface of activated T cells and lead to their death. These are
____________________ _____________________ _____________________ -Correct
Answer ✔lymphocyte depleting antibodies

Type ________ has neither A nor B antigens and therefore can give blood to any blood
type because the recipient will have antibodies that cannot kill red blood cells with no
antigens. This is the __________________ ________________ -Correct Answer ✔O

universal donor

______________ ________________ starts with taking blood of a potential recipient
and asking what antibodies are present in the patient's serum that might bind to the
blood of a donor. Then, we can look at the blood of potential donors with different
antigens on their surface. In a lab, we can see if the mixture of a recipient's serum and
donor's blood cells __________________. If this happens, we know it is not a good
match. If a donor does not have antigens that would be killed by the recipients
antibodies then we have a ________________ _______________ _______________ -
Correct Answer ✔Cross matching

agglutinate


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