NUSCTX 10 MIDTERM 1 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
electrolytes - Answer-regulates fluid balance and nerve and muscle response
largely regulated by the kidneys
acids - Answer-chemical agents that release hydrogen ions when added to water
sodium - Answer-principle: extracellular cation
Functions: fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contractions
Kidneys regulate level well, they filter the excess and reabsorbed if low BV
When increased NA+ intake, thirst signals to dilute with water
Toxicity: high blood pressure, bloating
Deficiency: rare, hyponatremia in athletes that replace fluids without electrolytes
(headache, dizzy, nausea, muscle cramps, coma, death)
potassium - Answer-Principle intracellular cation
Functions: fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction (heartbeat
regulation)
Deficiency: rare
Toxicity: not unless kidney disease, could lead to possible heart attack
Sources: abundant in fresh foods, fruits and vegetables (lost in processing)
chloride - Answer-Major extracellular anion
Food source: salt, NaCl is 60% Cl-
Functions fluid balance, nerve impulse, part of HCl
Deficiency: rare, can occur with vomiting
Toxicity: none
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Answer-promotes the reabsorption of water by
stimulating the kidneys
aldosterone - Answer-promotes sodium absorption from the kidneys and intestine
accessory digestive organs - Answer-salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
digestive organs - Answer-sensory, esophagus, liver and gallbladder, stomach,
pancreas, colon, small intestine
hepatic portal circulation - Answer-carries blood from the stomach and intestines to
the liver. Nutrients absorbed directly into the blood reach the liver via the hepatic
portal vein
phases of digestion - Answer-cephalic, gastric, intestinal
, cephalic phase - Answer-before the food enters the stomach, the thought, smell,
sight, or taste of food causes the brain to send nerve signals that stimulate gastric
secretions and increase stomach motility, thereby preparing the stomach to receive
food
gastric phase - Answer-food entering the stomach increases the rate of gastric
secretion and motility by stimulating local nerves, sending signals to the brain, and
stimulating the secretion of gastrin
intestinal phase - Answer-food leaving the stomach and entering the small intestine
distends the intestine, triggering hormonal and nervous signals that that decrease
stomach motility and slow the secretion of gastric juice
enterohepatic circulation - Answer-During this recycling process, bile travels from the
liver to the gallbladder and then to the small intestine, where it assists digestion
two pancreatic digestive enzymes - Answer-trypsin and pepsin
4 major absorptive processes of nutrients - Answer-Passive diffusion → water
Facilitated diffusion → fructose
Active absorption → glucose
Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) → membrane that surrounds it and
takes it in
hormone - Answer-chemical messenger in circulation
endocrine signaling - Answer-involves glands that secrete hormones into the
bloodstream; these can reach multiple target cells
paracrine signaling - Answer-accomplished with secretion of chemical regulators that
have local effects on neighboring cells
homeostasis - Answer-maintaining a stable internal environment
the scientific method - Answer-identify the problem
gather data
make a hypothesis
test the hypothesis
(IT NEEDS TO BE TESTABLE)
falsifiability - Answer-a synonym for testability
correlation - Answer-statistical relationship that indicates the extent to which two or
more variables fluctuate together
correlation does not imply causation
cohort studies - Answer-studies that involve following groups over time
prospective studies - Answer-defines the sample and measures the variables before
any outcomes have occurred
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
electrolytes - Answer-regulates fluid balance and nerve and muscle response
largely regulated by the kidneys
acids - Answer-chemical agents that release hydrogen ions when added to water
sodium - Answer-principle: extracellular cation
Functions: fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contractions
Kidneys regulate level well, they filter the excess and reabsorbed if low BV
When increased NA+ intake, thirst signals to dilute with water
Toxicity: high blood pressure, bloating
Deficiency: rare, hyponatremia in athletes that replace fluids without electrolytes
(headache, dizzy, nausea, muscle cramps, coma, death)
potassium - Answer-Principle intracellular cation
Functions: fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction (heartbeat
regulation)
Deficiency: rare
Toxicity: not unless kidney disease, could lead to possible heart attack
Sources: abundant in fresh foods, fruits and vegetables (lost in processing)
chloride - Answer-Major extracellular anion
Food source: salt, NaCl is 60% Cl-
Functions fluid balance, nerve impulse, part of HCl
Deficiency: rare, can occur with vomiting
Toxicity: none
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Answer-promotes the reabsorption of water by
stimulating the kidneys
aldosterone - Answer-promotes sodium absorption from the kidneys and intestine
accessory digestive organs - Answer-salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
digestive organs - Answer-sensory, esophagus, liver and gallbladder, stomach,
pancreas, colon, small intestine
hepatic portal circulation - Answer-carries blood from the stomach and intestines to
the liver. Nutrients absorbed directly into the blood reach the liver via the hepatic
portal vein
phases of digestion - Answer-cephalic, gastric, intestinal
, cephalic phase - Answer-before the food enters the stomach, the thought, smell,
sight, or taste of food causes the brain to send nerve signals that stimulate gastric
secretions and increase stomach motility, thereby preparing the stomach to receive
food
gastric phase - Answer-food entering the stomach increases the rate of gastric
secretion and motility by stimulating local nerves, sending signals to the brain, and
stimulating the secretion of gastrin
intestinal phase - Answer-food leaving the stomach and entering the small intestine
distends the intestine, triggering hormonal and nervous signals that that decrease
stomach motility and slow the secretion of gastric juice
enterohepatic circulation - Answer-During this recycling process, bile travels from the
liver to the gallbladder and then to the small intestine, where it assists digestion
two pancreatic digestive enzymes - Answer-trypsin and pepsin
4 major absorptive processes of nutrients - Answer-Passive diffusion → water
Facilitated diffusion → fructose
Active absorption → glucose
Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) → membrane that surrounds it and
takes it in
hormone - Answer-chemical messenger in circulation
endocrine signaling - Answer-involves glands that secrete hormones into the
bloodstream; these can reach multiple target cells
paracrine signaling - Answer-accomplished with secretion of chemical regulators that
have local effects on neighboring cells
homeostasis - Answer-maintaining a stable internal environment
the scientific method - Answer-identify the problem
gather data
make a hypothesis
test the hypothesis
(IT NEEDS TO BE TESTABLE)
falsifiability - Answer-a synonym for testability
correlation - Answer-statistical relationship that indicates the extent to which two or
more variables fluctuate together
correlation does not imply causation
cohort studies - Answer-studies that involve following groups over time
prospective studies - Answer-defines the sample and measures the variables before
any outcomes have occurred
