NS 3030 Exam 2 Questions and Answers
100% Solved
What were the subjects and results of Hegsted 1965? Subjects: mental institution patients,
38-57 years old w/ average serum total cholesterol 255 mg/100 mL serum
Results:
-Butter fat diet increased serum cholesterol by 38%, safflower decreased by 22%.
-The change in serum cholesterol as predicted by the following equation: ∆ cholesterol = 8.45 S
+ 14 2.12 S - 1.87 P + 5.64 16 dietary cholesterol - 6.24
-Unlikely that consideration of S10, S12, S18 and M assist in predicting serum cholesterol after
S14, S16, P and C are considered
What did the Ferdowsian 2009 meta-analysis conclude? -Plant-based diets are effective in
lowering plasma cholesterol concentrations (average 15-25% decrease for vegan diets)
-Blood total cholesterol is reducd 20% (1 mmol/l) in those consuming a vegetarian diet
-Plant-based individuals experience significantly lower blood lipid concentrations than those
who eat animal products
-Vegetarians have fewer and smaller age-related increases in lipids compared to non-vegetarians
,What is average serum cholesterol? 200 mg/dl
What were the results of the Lancet 2007 meta-analysis? -There is an age-related effect
on hazard ratio (for 1 mmol/L lower total cholesterol)
-At ages 60-69, hazard ratio of 0.72
-1 mmol/L lower total cholesterol is associated w ~30% lower IHD mortality
What were the subjects, methods, and results of Jenkins et al. 2005? Subjects:
hyperlipidemic (elevated LDL cholesterol) participants (TC=254 mg/dl)
Methods: 3 1-mo treatments: control diet, control w statin, and diet high in plant sterols
(portfolio diet). All foods were provided, except for fresh fruit and vegetables, all diets were
vegetarian (contained no meat)
Results:
-Portfolio diet used all plant protein, not low fat
-Dietary fiber 50% higher in portfolio diet than control or statin diet
-PUFA and MUFA both higher in portfolio diet
,-Portfolio diet reduced LDL cholesterol, though not as much as statin
Which aspects of the portfolio diet in Jenkins et al. 2005 helped to lower cholesterol? -
Viscous fiber, soy protein, plant sterols and almonds have cholesterol-lowering properties
-Each contributes 4-7% to overall cholesterol reduction
How does each aspect of the portfolio diet in Jenkins et al. 2005 lower cholesterol? -
Viscous fibers increase bile acid loss, plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption, soy proteins
reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis, almonds act thru variety of mechanisms
-Their mechanisms of action are complementary
T/F: Blood total cholesterol levels are associated with CHD risk. True
What aspects of the diet increase blood total cholesterol levels? Higher intake of dietary
cholesterol and saturated fats and lower intake of polyunsaturated fats increase blood total
cholesterol levels
T/F: there is a positive association between LDL cholesterol and risk of CHD. True
, Who would have the highest risk of myocardial infarction?
A. Low Total Cholesterol, High HDL cholesterol
B. Low Total Cholesterol, Low LDL cholesterol
C. High Total Cholesterol, High HDL cholesterol
D. High Total Cholesterol, Low HDL cholesterol D. High total cholesterol, low HDL
cholesterol
What were the methods and results of the Nurse's Health Study? Methods: intakes of
specific fat and cholesterol were entered into the model simultaneously so that the effects of fats
were compared with those of an equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrates
Results:
-Substituting PUFA with carbohydrate INCREASES risk
-Substituting saturated fat w/ polyunsaturated fatty acid DECREASES risk
By how much is BMI lower in vegetarians than in meat eaters? BMI is lower in
vegetarians by ~2 points
100% Solved
What were the subjects and results of Hegsted 1965? Subjects: mental institution patients,
38-57 years old w/ average serum total cholesterol 255 mg/100 mL serum
Results:
-Butter fat diet increased serum cholesterol by 38%, safflower decreased by 22%.
-The change in serum cholesterol as predicted by the following equation: ∆ cholesterol = 8.45 S
+ 14 2.12 S - 1.87 P + 5.64 16 dietary cholesterol - 6.24
-Unlikely that consideration of S10, S12, S18 and M assist in predicting serum cholesterol after
S14, S16, P and C are considered
What did the Ferdowsian 2009 meta-analysis conclude? -Plant-based diets are effective in
lowering plasma cholesterol concentrations (average 15-25% decrease for vegan diets)
-Blood total cholesterol is reducd 20% (1 mmol/l) in those consuming a vegetarian diet
-Plant-based individuals experience significantly lower blood lipid concentrations than those
who eat animal products
-Vegetarians have fewer and smaller age-related increases in lipids compared to non-vegetarians
,What is average serum cholesterol? 200 mg/dl
What were the results of the Lancet 2007 meta-analysis? -There is an age-related effect
on hazard ratio (for 1 mmol/L lower total cholesterol)
-At ages 60-69, hazard ratio of 0.72
-1 mmol/L lower total cholesterol is associated w ~30% lower IHD mortality
What were the subjects, methods, and results of Jenkins et al. 2005? Subjects:
hyperlipidemic (elevated LDL cholesterol) participants (TC=254 mg/dl)
Methods: 3 1-mo treatments: control diet, control w statin, and diet high in plant sterols
(portfolio diet). All foods were provided, except for fresh fruit and vegetables, all diets were
vegetarian (contained no meat)
Results:
-Portfolio diet used all plant protein, not low fat
-Dietary fiber 50% higher in portfolio diet than control or statin diet
-PUFA and MUFA both higher in portfolio diet
,-Portfolio diet reduced LDL cholesterol, though not as much as statin
Which aspects of the portfolio diet in Jenkins et al. 2005 helped to lower cholesterol? -
Viscous fiber, soy protein, plant sterols and almonds have cholesterol-lowering properties
-Each contributes 4-7% to overall cholesterol reduction
How does each aspect of the portfolio diet in Jenkins et al. 2005 lower cholesterol? -
Viscous fibers increase bile acid loss, plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption, soy proteins
reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis, almonds act thru variety of mechanisms
-Their mechanisms of action are complementary
T/F: Blood total cholesterol levels are associated with CHD risk. True
What aspects of the diet increase blood total cholesterol levels? Higher intake of dietary
cholesterol and saturated fats and lower intake of polyunsaturated fats increase blood total
cholesterol levels
T/F: there is a positive association between LDL cholesterol and risk of CHD. True
, Who would have the highest risk of myocardial infarction?
A. Low Total Cholesterol, High HDL cholesterol
B. Low Total Cholesterol, Low LDL cholesterol
C. High Total Cholesterol, High HDL cholesterol
D. High Total Cholesterol, Low HDL cholesterol D. High total cholesterol, low HDL
cholesterol
What were the methods and results of the Nurse's Health Study? Methods: intakes of
specific fat and cholesterol were entered into the model simultaneously so that the effects of fats
were compared with those of an equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrates
Results:
-Substituting PUFA with carbohydrate INCREASES risk
-Substituting saturated fat w/ polyunsaturated fatty acid DECREASES risk
By how much is BMI lower in vegetarians than in meat eaters? BMI is lower in
vegetarians by ~2 points
