NEUROSCIENCE FINAL EXAM – USA
CORRECT ANSWERS
Medial temporal lobe consist of (2): - Answer-Hippocampal formation and
parahippocampal gyrus
Medial diencephalon memory areas (4): - Answer-Mediodorsal and anterior nucleus
(of thalamus)
-Mammillary bodies
-Other diencephalic nuclei
Medial temporal lobe and Medial diencephalon memory areas are interconnected
with each other and the cortex by ___? this is crucial for _____? - Answer-*white
matter pathways
*crucial for memory consolidation and retrieval
Hippocampal Formation
-Three components & fcn's - Answer-1. Dentate gyrus - New memories
2. Hippocampus - Short and long term memory
3. Subiculum - Major output
Hippocampus Functions: 3 - Answer--Aggression
-Endocrine
-Memory
Medial temporal lobe memory systems communicate with the association cortex
mainly through ____? - Answer-the entorhinal cortex bidirectionally
***define : Declarative (explicit) memory - Answer-Conscious recollection of facts or
experiences (events)
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory - Answer-Non-conscious learning of skills, habits,
and other acquired behaviors
Amnesia - Answer-Typically used to describe declarative memory loss
Selective loss of declarative memory lesions occur where? (2) - Answer-bilateral
medial temporal lobe or bilateral medial diencephalic lesions
Memory storage less than 1 sec - Answer-Brainstem-diencephalic activating systems
Memory storage seconds to minutes - Answer-Frontal Association Cortex
Memory storage Minutes to years - Answer-Medial temporal structures; medial
diencephalic structures
Differential Diagnosis of Memory Loss may include: (5) - Answer--Cerebral
Contusions
, -Infarcts
-Global Cerebral Anoxia
-Wernicke-Koraskoff Syndrom
-Transient Global Amnesia
***Cerebral contusions often involve _____lobes and _____ cortex resulting in
__________ - Answer-anteromedial temporal lobes; basal orbitofrontal cortex ;
permanent memory deficits
Remote memory structures 2 - Answer--Medial temporal
-Diencephalic structures
appear to mediate a process by which declarative memories are gradually
consolidated in the neocortex
***Infarcts to distal branch of PCA affect ___? - Answer-medial temporal lobes
Abnormal movements caused by BG dysfunction may be referred to as - Answer-
dyskinesia (abnormal movement)
defn Akinesia - Answer-absence of movement
dfn Bradykinesia - Answer-Slow movement
Rigidity - Answer-Increased resistance to passive movement of limb (lead pipe /
cogwheel)
Dystonia - Answer-Abnormal positions
Atheotosis - Answer-twisting / writhing movement
Chorea - Answer-Continuous movement
Ballismus - Answer-more flinging than chorea
Tics - Answer-Sudden Brief action
Myoclonus - Answer-Sudden rapid mm jerk
Tremor - Answer-both agonist and antagonist mm activated.
Parkinson's disease defn, loss of __? in ___?, results in___? - Answer-Idiopathic,
neurodegenerative condition caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in substanita
nigra (pars compacta)
Loss of dopamine = (-) thalamus through both direct & indirect pathways --> scarcity
of movement
BG (+) or (-) thalamus - Answer-(-) inhibits
CORRECT ANSWERS
Medial temporal lobe consist of (2): - Answer-Hippocampal formation and
parahippocampal gyrus
Medial diencephalon memory areas (4): - Answer-Mediodorsal and anterior nucleus
(of thalamus)
-Mammillary bodies
-Other diencephalic nuclei
Medial temporal lobe and Medial diencephalon memory areas are interconnected
with each other and the cortex by ___? this is crucial for _____? - Answer-*white
matter pathways
*crucial for memory consolidation and retrieval
Hippocampal Formation
-Three components & fcn's - Answer-1. Dentate gyrus - New memories
2. Hippocampus - Short and long term memory
3. Subiculum - Major output
Hippocampus Functions: 3 - Answer--Aggression
-Endocrine
-Memory
Medial temporal lobe memory systems communicate with the association cortex
mainly through ____? - Answer-the entorhinal cortex bidirectionally
***define : Declarative (explicit) memory - Answer-Conscious recollection of facts or
experiences (events)
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory - Answer-Non-conscious learning of skills, habits,
and other acquired behaviors
Amnesia - Answer-Typically used to describe declarative memory loss
Selective loss of declarative memory lesions occur where? (2) - Answer-bilateral
medial temporal lobe or bilateral medial diencephalic lesions
Memory storage less than 1 sec - Answer-Brainstem-diencephalic activating systems
Memory storage seconds to minutes - Answer-Frontal Association Cortex
Memory storage Minutes to years - Answer-Medial temporal structures; medial
diencephalic structures
Differential Diagnosis of Memory Loss may include: (5) - Answer--Cerebral
Contusions
, -Infarcts
-Global Cerebral Anoxia
-Wernicke-Koraskoff Syndrom
-Transient Global Amnesia
***Cerebral contusions often involve _____lobes and _____ cortex resulting in
__________ - Answer-anteromedial temporal lobes; basal orbitofrontal cortex ;
permanent memory deficits
Remote memory structures 2 - Answer--Medial temporal
-Diencephalic structures
appear to mediate a process by which declarative memories are gradually
consolidated in the neocortex
***Infarcts to distal branch of PCA affect ___? - Answer-medial temporal lobes
Abnormal movements caused by BG dysfunction may be referred to as - Answer-
dyskinesia (abnormal movement)
defn Akinesia - Answer-absence of movement
dfn Bradykinesia - Answer-Slow movement
Rigidity - Answer-Increased resistance to passive movement of limb (lead pipe /
cogwheel)
Dystonia - Answer-Abnormal positions
Atheotosis - Answer-twisting / writhing movement
Chorea - Answer-Continuous movement
Ballismus - Answer-more flinging than chorea
Tics - Answer-Sudden Brief action
Myoclonus - Answer-Sudden rapid mm jerk
Tremor - Answer-both agonist and antagonist mm activated.
Parkinson's disease defn, loss of __? in ___?, results in___? - Answer-Idiopathic,
neurodegenerative condition caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in substanita
nigra (pars compacta)
Loss of dopamine = (-) thalamus through both direct & indirect pathways --> scarcity
of movement
BG (+) or (-) thalamus - Answer-(-) inhibits
