HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE REVIEW
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
resting potential - Answer-Positively and negatively charged ions become unequally
distributes on 2 sides of neural membrane.
*concentration of na+=higher outside
*concentration of cl-=higher inside
must maintain ATP needed to support energy.
Membrane Potential - Answer-Current state of membrane
-depolarization: decreases_____ ________
Saltatory conduction - Answer-AP Conductions: factors influencing conduction
velocity
-action potentials (AP) jump from one node of ranvier to the next.
-Myelinated axons
Mitochondrial disorder - Answer-a disorder of intracellular structure/ function of
neurons
-poor growth, loss of muscle coordination
-visual/ hearing problems
-mental retardation
-neurological problems/ seizures.
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential Summation (EPSP) - Answer-allows for neurons to
perform sophisticated computations
-*integration*-esps added together to produce significant post synaptic depolarization
-*spatial*-Esps generated in different spaces
-*Temporal*-Esps generated at same synapse in rapid succession
Autoreceptors - Answer-Presynaptic receptors sensitive to neurotransmitter release
by presynaptic terminal
-safety net for correct amount of neurotransmitters
Active zone - Answer-site where vesicles bind and release neurotransmitters
-chemical synapses
modulation - Answer-synaptic transmission that modifies effectiveness of ESPS
generated by other synapses with transmitter-gated ion channels
Inhibitation - Answer-Synapses take membrane potntial away from action potential
threshold
-exert powerful control over neuron output
-Hyperpolarize the cell=ions with negative charges enter the cell
Synapses - Answer-Neurons do not make direct contact
, -cleft=space between axons of pre______ cell and cell body of post-______ cell.
-release of chemicals into cleft
Pyramid Cells - Answer-All spiny
-number indicates how well nervous system processes information
-excitatory projections
-cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, 3 and 5 layers.
Stellate Cells - Answer-Spiny and aspinous
-number indicates how well nervous system processes information
Inhibitory or excitatory interneurons
(cerebellum, visual cortex)
-GABA
Myelination - Answer-Quickens action potentials
-oligodendrocytes produces ________ in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS
Formaldehyde - Answer-Preserves brain
Excitatory Neurons - Answer-Excite target neurons
Inhibitory neurons - Answer-Go to their target neurons
Synaptic Integration - Answer-Process where multiple synaptic potentials combine
within on post-synaptic neuron.
Gap Junction - Answer-3nm between 2 cells
-made up of connexions
-2 connexions.
Synaptic vesicles - Answer-Store Neurontransmitters (chemical synapses
Synaptic Transmission - Answer-Process of information transfer at a synapse
-major role in operations of nervous system.
Receptor agonists - Answer-Mimic actions of naturally occurring neurotransmitters
ex-nicotine
**switch on synapses*
Receptor antagonist - Answer-Inhibitors of neurotransmitter receptors
ex-curare
*switch off synapse*
Neurotransmitters - Answer-only binds to particular post-synaptic receptor(matched)
-particular _____ for each neuron
1)must be synthesized and stored by presynaptic cell
2)must have enough energy to store and release
3)action can be mimicked or blocked by exogenous agonists or antagonists
4)specific mechanism must exist for removing it from site of action
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
resting potential - Answer-Positively and negatively charged ions become unequally
distributes on 2 sides of neural membrane.
*concentration of na+=higher outside
*concentration of cl-=higher inside
must maintain ATP needed to support energy.
Membrane Potential - Answer-Current state of membrane
-depolarization: decreases_____ ________
Saltatory conduction - Answer-AP Conductions: factors influencing conduction
velocity
-action potentials (AP) jump from one node of ranvier to the next.
-Myelinated axons
Mitochondrial disorder - Answer-a disorder of intracellular structure/ function of
neurons
-poor growth, loss of muscle coordination
-visual/ hearing problems
-mental retardation
-neurological problems/ seizures.
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential Summation (EPSP) - Answer-allows for neurons to
perform sophisticated computations
-*integration*-esps added together to produce significant post synaptic depolarization
-*spatial*-Esps generated in different spaces
-*Temporal*-Esps generated at same synapse in rapid succession
Autoreceptors - Answer-Presynaptic receptors sensitive to neurotransmitter release
by presynaptic terminal
-safety net for correct amount of neurotransmitters
Active zone - Answer-site where vesicles bind and release neurotransmitters
-chemical synapses
modulation - Answer-synaptic transmission that modifies effectiveness of ESPS
generated by other synapses with transmitter-gated ion channels
Inhibitation - Answer-Synapses take membrane potntial away from action potential
threshold
-exert powerful control over neuron output
-Hyperpolarize the cell=ions with negative charges enter the cell
Synapses - Answer-Neurons do not make direct contact
, -cleft=space between axons of pre______ cell and cell body of post-______ cell.
-release of chemicals into cleft
Pyramid Cells - Answer-All spiny
-number indicates how well nervous system processes information
-excitatory projections
-cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, 3 and 5 layers.
Stellate Cells - Answer-Spiny and aspinous
-number indicates how well nervous system processes information
Inhibitory or excitatory interneurons
(cerebellum, visual cortex)
-GABA
Myelination - Answer-Quickens action potentials
-oligodendrocytes produces ________ in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS
Formaldehyde - Answer-Preserves brain
Excitatory Neurons - Answer-Excite target neurons
Inhibitory neurons - Answer-Go to their target neurons
Synaptic Integration - Answer-Process where multiple synaptic potentials combine
within on post-synaptic neuron.
Gap Junction - Answer-3nm between 2 cells
-made up of connexions
-2 connexions.
Synaptic vesicles - Answer-Store Neurontransmitters (chemical synapses
Synaptic Transmission - Answer-Process of information transfer at a synapse
-major role in operations of nervous system.
Receptor agonists - Answer-Mimic actions of naturally occurring neurotransmitters
ex-nicotine
**switch on synapses*
Receptor antagonist - Answer-Inhibitors of neurotransmitter receptors
ex-curare
*switch off synapse*
Neurotransmitters - Answer-only binds to particular post-synaptic receptor(matched)
-particular _____ for each neuron
1)must be synthesized and stored by presynaptic cell
2)must have enough energy to store and release
3)action can be mimicked or blocked by exogenous agonists or antagonists
4)specific mechanism must exist for removing it from site of action
