UTA PATHO TEST WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025

UTA PATHO TEST WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025
BloodWflowWthroughWtheWheartW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-1-SuperiorW&WInferiorWVenaWCava,W2-
RtWAtrium,W3-TricuspidWValve,W4-WRtWVentricle,W5-PulmonaryWValve,W6-PulmonaryWArtery,W7-
WLungs-pickWupWoxygen,W8-PulmonaryWVeins,W9-WLtWAtrium,W10-WMitralWValveW(Bicuspid),W11-


LtWVentricle,W12-WAorticWValve,W13-Aorta,W14-WBody



endocardiumW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
innerWliningWofWtheWheart;WmadeWofWsimpleWsquamousWcellsWandWconnectiveWtissue



myocardiumW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
muscular,WmiddleWlayerWofWtheWheart;WcontainsWmyocytesWresponsibleWforWmuscleWcontraction



pericardiumW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-outermostWlayer;WtwoWlayers:Wfibrous-
WconnectiveWtissueWthatWprovidesWtheWheartWwithWstabilityWbyWconnectingWtoWtheWsternumWanter


iorlyWandWtheWdiaphragmWinferiorlyWserous-WtwoWlayers:Wepicardium-WvisceralWlayer-
WdirectlyWoverWtheWheartWandWcontainsWcoronaryWarteries;Wparietal-


WaboveWtheWepicardiumWandWunderneathWfibrousWpericardium




placentaW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
oxygenWexchangeWoccursWandWthatWremovesWwasteWproductsWandWprovidesWnutrients



cardiacWfetalWbloodWflowWoxygenatedW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-60%WofWtheWblood;Wplacenta-
>WumbilicalWveinW-
>hepaticWcirculationWandWconnectsWtoWtheWinferiorWvenaWcavaWbyWtheWductusWvenosusW-
>WrightWatriumW->WoxygenatedWbloodWshuntedWthroughWtheWforamenWovaleWtoWtheWleftWatriumW-
>WleftWventricleWandWtoWtheWheadWandWrestWofWtheWbody



cardiacWfetalWbloodWflowWmixedWbloodW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
40%WofWtheWblood;WmixedWoxygenatedWandWdeoxygenatedWblood;WrightWatriumW-

,>WrightWventricleW->WpulmonaryWartery->patentWductusWarteriousW->WaortaW->WumbilicalWarteryW-
>WplacentaWtoWexchangeWgas,WgetWridWofWwasteWandWpickWupWnutrients



fetalWpressureWinWtheWheartW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
rightWsideWisWhigherWinWuteroWandWleftWbecomesWhigherWafterWbirth



diastoleW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-relaxation;WventriclesWfillWwithWblood



systoleW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
ventricularWcontractionWthatWpushesWtheWbloodWfromWtheWrightWventWtoWtheWpulmWarteryWandWfr
omWtheWleftWventWtoWtheWaorta



atrialWkickW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
bloodWpushedWintoWtheWventriclesWbecauseWofWatrialWcontraction;WincreasesWtheWamountWofWblo
odWputWintoWtheWleftWventricularWandWisW20%WofWcardiacWoutput



cardiacWoutputW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
amountWofWbloodWpushedWfromWtheWleftWventricleWinW1Wmin;WHRWxWstrokeWvolume;WnormalWisW5L
/min



strokeWvolumeW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
amountWofWbloodWejectedWbyWtheWventricleWforWeachWcardiacWcycle;WdependentWonWtheWforceWof
WtheWcontractionW(contractionWisWdependentWonWtheWamountWofWpreloadWwhichWstretchesWtheWv


entriclesWandWpromoteWcontraction,WstimulationWbyWendogenousWpositiveWinotropicWagentsW(epi
nephrineWandWnorepi),WpresenceWofWinotropicWagentsW(medicationsWandWcytokines),WandWtheWmy
ocardialWcontraction



ejectionWfractionW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
percentageWofWbloodWejectedWfromWtheWventWw/eaWcontraction;WSV/endWdiastolicWvol;WnormalWis
W55-65%;WusedWasWaWparameterWtoWmeasureWcardiacWfxn;WdecreasesWinWsystolicWheartWfailure

,PreloadW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
endWdiastolicWvolumeWandWendWdiastolicWpressure;WdependentWonWamountWofWvenousWreturnWto
WtheWheartW&WtheWamountWofWblWinWtheWleftWventWatWtheWendWofWsystole;WincreasedWpreload=Whe


artWfailureWwhichWcausesWaWdeclineWinWSVW&WbackWupWinWpulmWcirculation



afterloadW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
resistanceWthatWtheWventWpushesWagainstWtoWcontract;WaorticWpressWandWsystemicWvascularWresist
ance;Whigh:WincreasesWtheWworkWofWtheWventWresultingWinWhypertrophy



meanWarterialWpressureW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
averageWpressureWinWtheWarteriesWduringWaWcardiacWcycle;WdepWonWelasticityWofWtheWarterialWwall
sW&WtheWmeanWvolWofWblWinWtheWaterials;WnormWisW70-100



cardiacWcontractionW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
dependsWonWdegreeWofWtensionWofWtheWleftWventW&WtheWamountWofWintracellularWca;WgreaterWthe
WamountWofWca,WtheWgreaterWtheWcontraction




Diltiazem,WverapamilW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
calciumWchannelWblockers;WeffectWcontractilityWbyWblockingWtheWinfluxWofWca;WnegWinotropicWeffec
ts;WshouldWbeWavoidedWinWptsWwithWsystolicWhrtWfailure



increaseWcontractilityW-WCORRECTWANSWERW--catecholaminesW(increaseWca)

-increaseWinWintracellularWca

-WdecreaseWextracellularWNAW(decreasesWtheWactivityWofWtheWNA/CAWexchanger)

-
WdigitalisW(blocksWtheWNa/KWpumpWwhichWincreasesWintracellularWNA,WdecreasesWtheWactivityWofWt
heWNa/CaWexchanger,WandWincreasesWintracellularWCa



decreaseWcontractilityW-WCORRECTWANSWERW--betaWblockersW

-WsystolicWheartWfailure

, -Wacidosis

-Whypoxia/hypercapnia

-WnondihydropyridineWcaWchannelWblockers



conductionWsystemW-WCORRECTWANSWERW--WSAWnodeW(rightWatrium)WgeneratesWimpulseWofW60-
100WwhichWisWtransmittedWtoWtheWAVWnode

-WIfWtheWSAWnodeWfailsWthenWtheWAVWnodeWwillWgenerateWanWimpulseWofW40-
60WandWpassWtheWimpulseWdownWtoWtheWbundleWofWHisW

-
WifWtheWAVWnodeWfailsWthenWtheWbundleWofWhisWwillWgenerateWanWimpulseWatWlessWthanW40WandWth
eWimpulseWwillWtravelWtoWtheWpurkinjeWfibersWwhichWtravelWupWtheWwallWofWtheWventWandWcauseWc
ontractionWofWtheWvent



VentricularWactionWpotentialW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
occursWinWtheWpurkinjeWfibersWandWtheWbundleWofWhis

-WphaseW0:WrapidWdepolarization:WvoltageWgatedWNaWchannelsWopenWandWNaWcomesWin

-
WphaseW1:WinitialWrepolarizationWofWtheWcells:WvoltageWgatedWNaWchannelsWareWclosedWandWtheWvo
ltageWgatedWKWchannelsWopenWandWKWslowlyWleavesWtheWcell

-
WphaseW2:WplateauWphase:WCaWchannelsWopenWandWCaWcomesWintoWtheWcell.WInfluxWcausesWaWbala
nceWwithWKWcausingWaWtemporaryWplateauWinWrepolarization;WinfluxWofWCaWtriggersWreleaseWofWm
oreWCaWfromWtheWsacroplasmicWreticulumWandWcausesWmyocardialWcontraction

-WphaseW3:WrapidWrepolarization:WmassiveWKWefflux;WKWchannelsWopenWandWCaWchannelsWclose

-WphaseW4:WrestingWmembraneWpotentialWofW-85WmV



SA/AVWnodeWactionWpotentialW-WCORRECTWANSWERW-
noWphaseW1WorW2;WnoWstimulusWneededWtoWgenerateWanWactionWpotential