BIOS 252 Exam 3 Questions and Correct Solutions Graded A+

BIOS 252 Exam 3 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ Sensation - Answer: the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment Perception - Answer: the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events Adaptation - Answer: A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Adapting to change or adjusting tactile receptors - Answer: touch, pressure, vibration Free nerve endings of sensory neurons - Answer: warm, cool temps, itch, pressure, pain, hot, cold, pinch, and chemicals encapsulated nerve endings - Answer: dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule for pressure, vibration, and some touch sensations exteroreceptors - Answer: Sensory receptors that detect stimuli from outside the body, such as light/heat/pressure/chemicals. (located in skin and mucous membranes) interoreceptors - Answer: respond to stimuli within the body (located inside organs) Proprioceptors - Answer: monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints Chemoreceptors - Answer: Photoreceptors - Answer: respond to light. (located in eyes) (rods and cones) Thermoreceptors - Answer: respond to changes in temperature (located in skin) Mechanoreceptors - Answer: respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch olfactory - Answer: relating to the sense of smell Gustation - Answer: sense of taste olfactory nerve - Answer: the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain olfactory bulb - Answer: a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes olfactory tracts - Answer: carry sensory input about smell limbic system - Answer: neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives temporal lobe - Answer: A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language. frontal lobe - Answer: A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement olfaction epithelium - Answer: a thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell olfactory receptor cells - Answer: receive chemicals interpreted as smells supporting cells olfaction - Answer: These cells provide structural and metabolic support to the ORCs basal cells (olfaction) - Answer: stem cells for renewal of other cells (ORC'S) primary tastes - Answer: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami Different Papillae in the tongue - Answer: Filiform, Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foilate fungiform papillae - Answer: Mushroom-like protuberances often containing taste buds and located on the sides and tip of the tongue. filiform papillae - Answer: sharp with no taste buds circumvallate papillae - Answer: large papillae with taste buds foliate papilae - Answer: confined to the lateral margins of the tongue; includes numerous sensitive taste buds types of photoreceptors - Answer: rods and cones Rods - Answer: retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond Cones - Answer: retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. optic disc (blind spot) - Answer: *site where optic nerve leaves the eye *lacks photoreceptors lens - Answer: the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina (called accomodation) Retina - Answer: the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information Sclera - Answer: white of the eye; maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue chorioid - Answer: vascular layer between retina and sclera Receptor cells for hearing - Answer: hair cells in cochlea and vestibular system semicurcular canals - Answer: Fluid filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance. cochlea - Answer: a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses typanic membrane (eardrum) - Answer: piece of skin that's stretched tight vibrates the ossicles Ossicles of the ear - Answer: malleus, incus, stapes types of endocrine glands - Answer: NEXT SLIDES pituitary gland - Answer: The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. thyroid gland - Answer: produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth parathyroid glands - Answer: small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues adrenal glands - Answer: a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. Pancreas - Answer: Regulates the level of sugar in the blood Gonads - Answer: ovaries, testes sex hormones are estrogen and testosterone pineal gland - Answer: secretes melatonin Thymus - Answer: Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature. Hypothalamus - Answer: A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. endocrine vs paracrine vs autocrine - Answer: •Endocrine: Transport by blood to a distant effector site •Paracrine: Secretion into ECF and acting on cells other than the secreting cells •Autocrine: Secretion into ECF and acting on the cells secreting the factor ECF (extracellular fluid) - Answer: fluid outside cells hypophyseal portal system - Answer: blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary infundibulum - Answer: A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus secretes - Answer: GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH, Somatostatin, Dopamine GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) - Answer: a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the pituitary's secretion of gonad-stimulating hormones TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) - Answer: Secreted by hypothalamus --> triggers pituitary gland to secrete TSH CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) - Answer: stimulates release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) - Answer: stimulates release of growth hormone Somatostatin (SS) - Answer: inhibits secretion of GH GH - Answer: growth hormone Chemical classes of hormones - Answer: lipid soluble and water soluble lipid soluble hormones - Answer: -steroid and thyroid hormones -act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes -can enter cell water soluble hormones - Answer: (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone) Act on plasma membrane receptors Act via G protein second messengers Cannot enter cell examples of lipid soluble hormones - Answer: Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, T3, T4 examples of water soluble hormones - Answer: insulin glucagon TSH ADH epinephrine norepinephrine Insulin mechanism of action - Answer: Allows glucose transport into cells of all tissues; converts glycogen to fat; produces intracellular shift of potassium and magnesium to reduce elevated serum levels of these electrolytes. Testosterone mechanism of action - Answer: Stimulates RNA synthesis and protein metabolism; promotes virilization, including enlargement of the sexual organs, growth of facial hair, and a deepening of the voice; increases libido and restores masculine characteristics that may be deficient. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - Answer: Target organ: Adrenal glands - Stimulates the production and release of cortisol and other steroid hormones. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - Answer: Target organ: Thyroid gland - Stimulates the production and release of thyroid hormones. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - Answer: Target organ: Ovaries and Testes - Stimulates the production of estrogen and follicle development in females, and spermatogenesis in males. LH (luteinizing hormone) - Answer: Target organ: Ovaries and Testes - Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production in females, and testosterone production in males. Prolactin (PRL) - Answer: Target organ: Mammary glands - Stimulates milk production in females. GH (growth hormone) - Answer: Target organ: Liver, bone, muscle, and adipose tissue - Promotes growth and development, and regulates metabolism and body composition. T4 (thyroxine) - Answer: This hormone contains four iodine atoms and is converted to T3 in the body. It is involved in regulating metabolism, growth, and development. T3 (triiodothyronine) - Answer: This hormone contains three iodine atoms and is the active form of thyroid hormone. It is involved in regulating metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate. Hormones that regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and their glands of origin: - Answer: Parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin, Vitamin D PTH (parathyroid hormone) - Answer: A peptide hormone that increases blood calcium concentrations. Calcitonin (CT) - Answer: Inhibits the breakdown of bone; causes a decrease in blood calcium concentration Vitamin D - Answer: Enables the body to properly absorb and use calcium, the element needed for proper bone development and maintenance. Vitamin D also promotes rapid healing of the skin. Hormones secreted from pancreas - Answer: insulin and glucagon Insulin - Answer: A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues Glucagon - Answer: A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. Hormones secreted by adrenal glands - Answer: epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, adrenal cortex hormones - Answer: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens Adrenal medulla hormones - Answer: epinephrine and norepinephrine Aldosterone - Answer: "salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure Cortisol - Answer: stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex Androgens (testosterone) - Answer: male sex hormones Epinephrine - Answer: adrenaline; activates a sympathetic nervous system by making the heart beat faster, stopping digestion, enlarging pupils, sending sugar into the bloodstream, preparing a blood clot faster Norepinephrine - Answer: helps control alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood