BIOS252 Exam 3 Questions with Complete Rationales Graded A+

BIOS252 Exam 3 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ cochlea function - Answer: hearing semicircular canals function - Answer: dynamic equilibrium (determining rotary motion of the head) Describe the Lens - Answer: -Changes shape to help focus light -Supported by ciliary body -Rounded with no tension -Flattened with pull of suspensory ligaments Describe the Posterior chamber - Answer: -between iris and lens -production and circulation of aqueous humor Vallate Papilla location - Answer: at rear of tongue define adaptation - Answer: If a stimulus is prolonged, firing of the neuron gets slower over time Describe the function of the growth hormone - Answer: -Widespread tissue growth, especially in liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat -Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation List and describe the photoreceptors - Answer: Rods: sense different shades of gray; Responsible for night (scotopic) vision Cones: The cone shaped cells sense color, responsible for color, or day vision Describe the pancreas - Answer: -hormones that regulate blood sugar and metabolism from cell clusters found in pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) Hormones: Glucagon: increases the blood glucose level by accelerating liver glycogenolysis(conversion of glycogen to glucose) Insulin: decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells, which increases glucose metabolism by cells Describe the thyroid gland - Answer: -regulation of metabolic processes throughout the body and calcium homeostasis in blood T3 (triiodothyronine) & T4 (tetraiodothyronine): accelerate catabolism (increase the body's metabolic rate) Calcitonin (CT): decreases the blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone, which would release calcium into the blood Describe the parathyroid glands - Answer: -capable of monitoring blood calcium levels without regulation hormone: parathyroid hormone (PTH): -increases blood calcium concentration by increasing the breakdown of bone with the release of calcium into the blood Describe the adrenal glands - Answer: Adrenal cortex: Glucocorticoids: Regulate metabolism of glucose and other fuels -Cortisol stimulate fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood Mineralocorticoids(Aldosterone): regulate the body's electrolyte balance -Aldosterone stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion Sex hormones: small amounts of male hormones (androgens) secreted by adrenal cortex of both sexes Adrenal medulla: -controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenaline): increase alertness, increase catabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, increase heart rate and blood pressure, and will suppress parasympathetic function such as digestion and urine production. Describe the gonads - Answer: -Ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine -Exocrine product: whole cells—eggs and sperm -Endocrine product: gonadal hormones—mostly steroids -Ovarian hormones: Estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin Testicular hormones: Testosterone: Stimulates development of male reproductive system in fetus and adolescent, and sex drive, Sustains sperm production -weaker androgens -estrogen -inhibin: Limits FSH secretion in order to regulate sperm production Define mechanoreceptors - Answer: respond to physical deformation of a cell or tissue caused by vibration, touch, pressure, stretch, or tension Define chemoreceptors - Answer: respond to chemicals Define proprioceptors - Answer: position of body parts or changes in muscle length or tension Define thermoreceptors - Answer: temperature change Describe olfactory receptors - Answer: -sense of smell, response to airborne chemicals--odorants Describe photoreceptors - Answer: the eyes, respond to light Describe nociceptors - Answer: respond to tissue injury or situations that threaten to damage a tissue List and describe the main functions of the hypothalamus - Answer: -major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems -plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of nearly all organs of the body -Hormone secretion -Thermoregulation -Water balance -Sleep and circadian rhythms -Memory -Sex drive and childbirth -Chemical composition of blood List and describe all the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland (functions) - Answer: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): -stimulates growth of thyroid gland -stimulates it to secrete thyroid hormone -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): -stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): -Male: sperm production -Female: growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen -Luteinizing hormone (LH): -Male: testosterone secretion -Female: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum -Growth hormone (GH): -Widespread tissue growth, especially in liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat -Prolactin (lactogenic hormone): -stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after the delivery Describe Graves Disease - Answer: -autoantibodies mimic the effect of TSH and overstimulate the thyroid -elevated metabolic rate and heart rate, nervousness, sleeplessness, weight loss, abnormal heat sensitivity and sweating, and bulging of the eyes Describe the functions of the corpus callosum and the infundibular stalk (infundibulum) - Answer: infundibular stalk (infundibulum): connects pituitary gland and hypothalamus corpus callosum: transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain hemispheres Describe how GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) is transported to the pituitary gland - Answer: The GHRH of the hypothalamus that will enter the hypophyseal portal system towards the anterior pituitary gland Describe autocrine signaling - Answer: chemical messengers that stimulate the same cell that secreted them Describe exocrine - Answer: -Have ducts; carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract: "external secretions" -Extracellular effects (food digestion) Describe endocrine - Answer: -secrete chemicals (hormones) into the blood -"Internal secretions" Describe paracrine - Answer: secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells Compare between insulin and glucagon - Answer: Glucagon: -secreted by alpha cells -Glucagon increases the blood glucose level by accelerating liver glycogenolysis Insulin: -secreted by beta cells -Insulin decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells, which increases glucose metabolism by cells List and describe the hormones produced by the ovaries - Answer: Estradiol - hormone that maintains the female gametes Progesterone - hormone that regulates menstruation Inhibin - hormone that suppresses FSH production Eye Structure- Figure 16.26 - Answer: retina Eye Structure- Figure 16.27 - Answer: lens Ear Structure- Figure 16.11 - Answer: Tympanic membrane Cochlea List and describe all the hormones that are involved in glucose regulation in the body - Answer: Glucagon: -secreted by alpha cells -Glucagon increases the blood glucose level by accelerating liver glycogenolysis Insulin: -secreted by beta cells -Insulin decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells, which increases glucose metabolism by cells Taste Sensations - Answer: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami Identify which of the following hormones are water soluble and which ones are fat soluble - Answer: eicosanoid hormones(prostaglandins)- fat soluble thyroid hormones(T3 and T4)- fat soluble protein hormones (thyroid stimulating hormones)- water soluble peptide hormones(oxytocin)- water soluble steroid hormones(aldosterone)- fat soluble Gustatory Cells function - Answer: responsible for the taste sensation Olfactory Cells function - Answer: specialized for the reception of sensory stimuli caused by odors The Parathyroid Glands - Answer: Regulate calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels in the blood and bones. Infundibulum - Answer: The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via infundibular Glucagon - Answer: a hormone that causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Progesterone - Answer: the ovaries produce this along with ova (eggs) Hormones the adrenal glands secrete - Answer: Secrete all the following hormones: Noradrenaline, Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Androgens like DHEA Adrenal Glands - Answer: produce aldosterone, which is a steroid hormone that helps the body regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Location of the Thymus - Answer: Location of the thyroid - Answer: Hormones that are involved in affecting glucose levels - Answer: Glucagon, Glycogen, Insulin Sensations generated via a sensory nerve with free nerve endings - Answer: Pain, Itch, Tickle, Temperature changes, Pressure Paracrine - Answer: Are cells that release chemical messengers to communicate with nearby cells and alter their behavior. A type of gland/hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream. Autocrine - Answer: Type of cells signaling that occurs when a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to receptors on the same cell, causing changes in the cell's function. Cell signaling exocrine secretions - Answer: Discriminate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and exocrine secretions. - Answer: Endocrine secretes chemicals into the blood. Exocrine secretes chemicals through ducts to an epithelial surface. Autocrine is when the same cell that secretes the chemical is also the target cell of the chemical. Paracrine is when the target cell of the secreted chemical are the tissue surrounding the secreting gland. Choose one endocrine gland and describe the hormones it secretes, the function of the hormone and how the endocrine gland is regulated. - Answer: If blood sugar is too high, the pancreas has cells that release insulin. Insulin goes to all the cells in the body and tells them to let the insulin in and therefore leads to the blood sugar in the blood to decrease. The Cochlea - Answer: Receptor cells for hearing are located here The Optic Disc - Answer: The area of the eye where the optic nerve and blood vessels enter and exit Vallate Papilla - Answer: An anatomical structure found on the tongue The Lens - Answer: focuses light on the retina by changing shape Photoreceptors in the Eye - Answer: Rods and Cones, they convert light into signals for the brain. Chemoreceptors - Answer: Olfactory receptors where proteins detect volatile chemicals. Location of the Lens of the Eye - Answer: location of Cochlea in the ear - Answer: tympanic membrane (Eardrum) - Answer: Olfactory Bulb - Answer: The primary taste sensations - Answer: Sweet, Umami, Salt, Sour, Bitter The main hormones produced by the thyroid gland - Answer: Tetraiodothyronine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) Sensory adaptation - Answer: After initially being overwhelmed by something, over time you start to get use to it and not notice it anymore. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) - Answer: A natural hormone your pituitary gland makes and releases that act on many parts of the body and promotes growth. The Hypothalamus - Answer: Homeostasis, Temperature regulation, Bodies internal balance, Located in the center of the brain (above the midbrain) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Answer: A hormone that is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) - Answer: A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland Graves' Disease - Answer: Autoimmune disease which primarily affects the thyroid gland. Common cause for hyperthyroidism. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Answer: Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the gonads to produce progesterone and/or testosterone. The Hypophyseal Portal System - Answer: GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) is secreted by cells in the hypothalamus. The GHRH is transported to the anterior pituitary gland via....... location of pancreas - Correct Ans: