STUDY GUIDE
, Child Development
Module 1: Introduction to Child Development
Nature vs. Nurture
Developmental psychology seeks to understand the influence of genetics (nature) and
environment (nurture) on human development.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• Evaluate the reciprocal impacts between genes and the environment and the nature vs.
nurture debate
KEY POINTS
•
o A significant issue in developmental psychology has been the relationship
between the innateness of an attribute (whether it is part of our nature) and the
environmental effects on that attribute (whether it is derived from or influenced
by our environment, or nurture).
o Today, developmental psychologists rarely take polarized positions with regard
to most aspects of development; instead, they investigate the relationship
between innate and environmental influences.
o The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and social
factors all play a significant role in human development.
o Environmental inputs can affect the expression of genes, a relationship called
gene-environment interaction. An individual's genes and their environment work
together, communicating back and forth to create traits.
o The diathesis–stress model serves to explore how biological or genetic traits
(diatheses) interact with environmental influences (stressors) to produce
disorders, such as depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia.
,TERMS
• genotypeThat part (DNA sequence) of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an
organism or individual, which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that
cell/organism/individual.
• heritabilityThe ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance;
i.e., the proportion of variability that is genetic in origin.
• geneA unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one
generation to the next and carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino
acids for a protein.
• traitAn identifying characteristic, habit, or trend.
• innateInborn; native; natural.
Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over
the course of their lives. This field examines change and development across a broad range of
topics, such as motor skills and other psycho-physiological
processes; cognitive development involving areas like problem solving, moral and conceptual
understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development; and self-
concept and identity formation. Developmental psychology explores the extent to which
development is a result of gradual accumulation of knowledge or stage-like development, as
well as the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures as opposed to
learning through experience.
Nature Versus Nurture
A significant issue in developmental psychology is the relationship between the innateness of
an attribute (whether it is part of our nature) and the environmental effects on that attribute
(whether it is influenced by our environment, or nurture). This is often referred to as the nature
vs. nurture debate, or nativism vs. empiricism.
• A nativist ("nature") account of development would argue that the processes in
question are innate and influenced by an organism's genes. Natural human behavior is
seen as the result of already-present biological factors, such as genetic code.
• An empiricist ("nurture") perspective would argue that these processes are acquired
through interaction with the environment. Nurtured human behavior is seen as the
result of environmental interaction, which can provoke changes in brain structure and
chemistry. For example, situations of extreme stress can cause problems like
depression.
, The nature vs. nurture debate seeks to understand how our personalities and traits are
produced by our genetic makeup and biological factors, and how they are shaped by our
environment, including our parents, peers, and culture. For instance, why do biological children
sometimes act like their parents? Is it because of genetic similarity, or the result of the early
childhood environment and what children learn from their parents?
Interaction of Genes and the Environment
Today, developmental psychologists rarely take such polarized positions (either/or) with regard
to most aspects of development; instead, they investigate the relationship between innate and
environmental influences (both/and). Developmental psychologists will often use the
biopsychosocial model to frame their research: this model states that biological, psychological,
and social (socio-economical, socio-environmental, and cultural) factors all play a significant
role in human development.
We are all born with specific genetic traits inherited from our parents, such as eye color, height,
and certain personality traits. Beyond our basic genotype, however, there is a deep interaction
between our genes and our environment: our unique experiences in our environment influence
whether and how particular traits are expressed, and at the same time, our genes influence
how we interact with our environment (Diamond, 2009; Lobo, 2008). There is a reciprocal
interaction between nature and nurture as they both shape who we become, but the debate
continues as to the relative contributions of each.
Heritability refers to the origin of differences among people; it is a concept in biology that
describes how much of the variation of a trait in a population is due to genetic differences in
that population. Individual development, even of highly heritable traits such as eye color,
depends not only on heritability but on a range of environmental factors, such as the other
genes present in the organism and the temperature and oxygen levels during development.
Environmental inputs can affect the expression of genes, a relationship called gene-
environment interaction. Genes and the environment work together, communicating back and
forth to create traits.
Some concrete behavioral traits are dependent upon one's environment, home, or culture,
such as the language one speaks, the religion one practices, and the political party one
supports. However, some traits which reflect underlying talents and temperaments—such as
how proficient at a language, how religious, or how liberal or conservative—can be partially
heritable.
This chart illustrates three patterns one might see when studying the influence of genes and
environment on individual traits. Each of these traits is measured and compared
between monozygotic (identical) twins, biological siblings who are not twins, and adopted
siblings who are not genetically related. Trait A shows a high sibling correlation but little
, Child Development
Module 1: Introduction to Child Development
Nature vs. Nurture
Developmental psychology seeks to understand the influence of genetics (nature) and
environment (nurture) on human development.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• Evaluate the reciprocal impacts between genes and the environment and the nature vs.
nurture debate
KEY POINTS
•
o A significant issue in developmental psychology has been the relationship
between the innateness of an attribute (whether it is part of our nature) and the
environmental effects on that attribute (whether it is derived from or influenced
by our environment, or nurture).
o Today, developmental psychologists rarely take polarized positions with regard
to most aspects of development; instead, they investigate the relationship
between innate and environmental influences.
o The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and social
factors all play a significant role in human development.
o Environmental inputs can affect the expression of genes, a relationship called
gene-environment interaction. An individual's genes and their environment work
together, communicating back and forth to create traits.
o The diathesis–stress model serves to explore how biological or genetic traits
(diatheses) interact with environmental influences (stressors) to produce
disorders, such as depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia.
,TERMS
• genotypeThat part (DNA sequence) of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an
organism or individual, which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that
cell/organism/individual.
• heritabilityThe ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance;
i.e., the proportion of variability that is genetic in origin.
• geneA unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one
generation to the next and carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino
acids for a protein.
• traitAn identifying characteristic, habit, or trend.
• innateInborn; native; natural.
Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over
the course of their lives. This field examines change and development across a broad range of
topics, such as motor skills and other psycho-physiological
processes; cognitive development involving areas like problem solving, moral and conceptual
understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development; and self-
concept and identity formation. Developmental psychology explores the extent to which
development is a result of gradual accumulation of knowledge or stage-like development, as
well as the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures as opposed to
learning through experience.
Nature Versus Nurture
A significant issue in developmental psychology is the relationship between the innateness of
an attribute (whether it is part of our nature) and the environmental effects on that attribute
(whether it is influenced by our environment, or nurture). This is often referred to as the nature
vs. nurture debate, or nativism vs. empiricism.
• A nativist ("nature") account of development would argue that the processes in
question are innate and influenced by an organism's genes. Natural human behavior is
seen as the result of already-present biological factors, such as genetic code.
• An empiricist ("nurture") perspective would argue that these processes are acquired
through interaction with the environment. Nurtured human behavior is seen as the
result of environmental interaction, which can provoke changes in brain structure and
chemistry. For example, situations of extreme stress can cause problems like
depression.
, The nature vs. nurture debate seeks to understand how our personalities and traits are
produced by our genetic makeup and biological factors, and how they are shaped by our
environment, including our parents, peers, and culture. For instance, why do biological children
sometimes act like their parents? Is it because of genetic similarity, or the result of the early
childhood environment and what children learn from their parents?
Interaction of Genes and the Environment
Today, developmental psychologists rarely take such polarized positions (either/or) with regard
to most aspects of development; instead, they investigate the relationship between innate and
environmental influences (both/and). Developmental psychologists will often use the
biopsychosocial model to frame their research: this model states that biological, psychological,
and social (socio-economical, socio-environmental, and cultural) factors all play a significant
role in human development.
We are all born with specific genetic traits inherited from our parents, such as eye color, height,
and certain personality traits. Beyond our basic genotype, however, there is a deep interaction
between our genes and our environment: our unique experiences in our environment influence
whether and how particular traits are expressed, and at the same time, our genes influence
how we interact with our environment (Diamond, 2009; Lobo, 2008). There is a reciprocal
interaction between nature and nurture as they both shape who we become, but the debate
continues as to the relative contributions of each.
Heritability refers to the origin of differences among people; it is a concept in biology that
describes how much of the variation of a trait in a population is due to genetic differences in
that population. Individual development, even of highly heritable traits such as eye color,
depends not only on heritability but on a range of environmental factors, such as the other
genes present in the organism and the temperature and oxygen levels during development.
Environmental inputs can affect the expression of genes, a relationship called gene-
environment interaction. Genes and the environment work together, communicating back and
forth to create traits.
Some concrete behavioral traits are dependent upon one's environment, home, or culture,
such as the language one speaks, the religion one practices, and the political party one
supports. However, some traits which reflect underlying talents and temperaments—such as
how proficient at a language, how religious, or how liberal or conservative—can be partially
heritable.
This chart illustrates three patterns one might see when studying the influence of genes and
environment on individual traits. Each of these traits is measured and compared
between monozygotic (identical) twins, biological siblings who are not twins, and adopted
siblings who are not genetically related. Trait A shows a high sibling correlation but little
