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AQA_2024: A-level Economics - Paper 1 Markets and Market Failure. (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme)

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AQA_2024: A-level Economics - Paper 1 Markets and Market Failure. (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) A-level ECONOMICS Paper 1 Markets and Market Failure Wednesday 15 May 2024 Materials For this paper you must have:  an AQA 12-page answer book  a calculator. Instructions Morning Time allowed: 2 hours  Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Pencil should only be used for drawing.  Write the information required on the front cover of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7136/1.  In Section A, answer EITHER Context 1 OR Context 2.  In Section B, answer ONE essay. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The maximum mark for this paper is 80.  There are 40 marks for Section A and 40 marks for Section B. Advice  You are advised to spend 1 hour on Section A and 1 hour on Section B. IB/G/Jun24/G4001/E11 7136/1 For A-level Economics Paper 1: Markets and Market Failure, here’s a concise revision guide focusing on the key areas you need to cover: 1. Market Structures:  Perfect Competition: o Characteristics: Large number of firms, homogeneous products, no barriers to entry/exit, perfect information. o Price Determination: In a perfectly competitive market, price is determined by supply and demand, and firms are price takers. o Efficiency: Perfect competition leads to productive and allocative efficiency in the long run.  Monopoly: o Characteristics: Single firm dominating the market, high barriers to entry, price maker. o Price and Output: A monopolist maximizes profit where MC = MR, setting a higher price and lower output than in perfect competition. o Market Failures: Monopolies can lead to X-inefficiency, deadweight loss, and reduced consumer welfare.  Monopolistic Competition: o Characteristics: Many firms, differentiated products, low barriers to entry. o Short-Run vs. Long-Run: Firms can make supernormal profit in the short-run, but in the long-run, entry of new firms erodes profits to normal levels.  Oligopoly: o Characteristics: Few firms dominate the market, with interdependence between firms. o Price Rigidity: Oligopolies often engage in non-price competition and price collusion (e.g., tacit collusion) to maintain stable prices. o Kinked Demand Curve: Prices remain stable due to the kink in the demand curve, as firms are reluctant to change prices for fear of retaliation. 2. Market Failure:  Externalities: o Positive Externalities: Benefits to third parties, such as education and healthcare (e.g., a more educated workforce). o Negative Externalities: Costs to third parties, such as pollution and congestion (e.g., air pollution caused by industrial production). o Government Intervention: The government can correct externalities through taxes, subsidies, or regulation.  Public Goods: o Characteristics: Non-excludability and non-rivalry (e.g., street lighting, national defense). These goods are under-provided in a free market, as firms cannot exclude non-payers. o Free Rider Problem: Consumers benefit without paying, leading to market failure.  Information Failure: o Asymmetric Information: Occurs when one party (e.g., a seller) has more information than the other party (e.g., the buyer), leading to inefficient market outcomes. o Examples: Adverse selection in insurance markets, moral hazard in finance.  Inequality: o Wealth vs. Income Inequality: Market systems can lead to income inequality. Governments may intervene with progressive taxation and welfare policies to reduce inequality. 3. Government Intervention:  Indirect Taxes: The government can impose taxes (e.g., on cigarettes or carbon) to correct negative externalities, raising the cost of production and reducing consumption.  Subsidies: Subsidies are used to encourage positive externalities (e.g., subsidies for renewable energy or education). IB/G/Jun24/G4001/E11 7136/1 2 IB/G/Jun24/7136/1 Section A Answer EITHER Context 1 OR Context 2. EITHER Context 1 Total for this context: 40 marks The market for university accommodation Study Extracts A, B and C and then answer all parts of Context 1 which follow. Extract A Table 1: Average weekly university rent, selected UK cities, 2015 and 2021 Selected UK cities Average weekly university rent, 2015 Average weekly university rent, 2021 Birmingham £113.88 £157.94 Brighton £143.00 £235.93 Bristol £141.58 £184.38 Liverpool £112.97 £136.61 Manchester £120.87 £180.60 UK average £121.16 £169.35 Source: Cushman Wakefield Student Accommodation Report, 2022 Figure 1: Number of full-time students at UK universities, and type of accommodation, 2015 to 2021 Extract B: A serious shortage of student accommodation The number of 18-year-olds in the UK applying to university is rising. In addition, there was a record number of 277 000 foreign students in 2022. Universities have expanded the number of places on offer to students, but the supply of student accommodation is highly inelastic. Providers of rental accommodation have been deterred by stricter rules on shared houses, higher taxes and greater rights for renters. Rising construction costs, interest rates and inflation have resulted in an insufficient number of new developments in many university cities. Supply shortages have been particularly acute in some cities, and certain universities have asked students to live at home. Shortages of accommodation could mean that some students are discouraged from applying to university. The average private sector rent outside London consumes almost three-quarters of the maximum student loan, and most students are ineligible for this maximum. Some of the top universities may become out of reach to poorer students who do not live locally. 5 10 Source: News reports, 2023 3 Extract C: Policies to solve the shortage of student accommodation The causes of the shortage of student accommodation are varied and some, but not all, result from market failure. Rising rents ought to incentivise more supply, but that has not worked recently. Planning restrictions have limited the number of new building projects. Relaxing such rules might help, but local residents complain that high numbers of students can alter the nature of their communities. Subsidies to the builders of student accommodation could increase supply, but with a likely delay of many years. Some students have been offered financial incentives to defer their entry by a year or to live at home. To reduce further the demand for student accommodation, some people have urged the government to restrict foreign student numbers. However, the 22% of students who are foreign pay 44% of all tuition fees and so subsidise costs for UK students. Policies to tackle high rents could include rent subsidies from the government or an increase in the grants and loans available to students. In Scotland, university students have benefited from controls which limit rent increases to a fixed percentage each year. The National Union of Students is calling for nationwide rent controls. A maximum rent can help keep the cost of student accommodation lower than it would otherwise be, but risks some landlords withdrawing from the market. Some argue that high-quality student accommodation is a merit good and ought to be provided by the government at a fair rent. 5 10 15 Source: News reports, 2023 0 1 Inflation resulted in a basket of goods and services that cost £100 in 2015 costing £112 in 2021. Using this information and the data in Extract A (Table 1), calculate the percentage increase in average university rent, in real terms, between 2015 and 2021. Give your answer to one decimal place. [2 marks] 0 2 Explain how the data in Extract A (Figure 1 and Table 1) show that the supply of university and private rental accommodation has failed to match the increase in student numbers between 2015 and 2021. [4 marks] 0 3 Extract B (lines 3–4) states that ‘Universities have expanded the number of places on offer to students, but the supply of student accommodation is highly inelastic’. With the help of a diagram, explain the impact of the increase in the number of students attending university on the market for student accommodation. [9 marks] 0 4 Extract C (lines 14–16) states that ‘A maximum rent can help keep the cost of student accommodation lower than it would otherwise be, but risks some landlords withdrawing from the market’. Using the data in the extracts and your knowledge of economics, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of policies the government might introduce to improve the market for student accommodation. [25 marks] IB/G/Jun24/7136/1 Turn over ► 4 Do NOT answer Context 2 if you have answered Context 1. OR Context 2 Trade union membership and industrial disputes Total for this context: 40 marks Study Extracts D, E and F and then answer all parts of C

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AQA_2024: A-level Drama and Theatre - Component 1
Drama and Theatre.
(Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme)


A-level
DRAMA AND THEATRE
Component 1 Drama and theatre


Thursday 6 June 2024 Morning Time allowed: 3 hours
Materials
For this paper you must have:
 an Insert with the prescribed extracts
 an AQA 16-page answer book
 a copy of the set plays you have studied. These texts must not be annotated and must not
contain additional notes.

Instructions
 Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Use pencil only for sketches and diagrams.
 Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7262/W.
 Answer three questions: one from Section A, one from Section B and one from Section C.
 The questions in Section B are split into three parts. You should answer all parts of your chosen
question.
 For Section B, refer to the Insert provided with this paper.
 You must not answer on both Butterworth’s Jerusalem and Teale’s Brontë.
 For Section C, you must answer on a different play to the plays you answer on in Section A and
Section B.
 Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked.

Information
 The marks for each question are shown in brackets.
 The maximum mark for this paper is 80.
 Section A carries 25 marks and Section B carries 30 marks; Section C carries 25 marks.
 For the purpose of this examination, a ‘section’ is defined as a continuous unit of action,
interaction, monologue or dialogue extending beyond a single page of text.
 All questions require answers in continuous prose. However, where appropriate, you should
support your answers with sketches and/or diagrams.
 You will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.




IB/H/Jun24/G4001/E7 7262/W

,For A-level Drama and Theatre Component 1: Drama and Theatre, here’s a concise revision guide
focusing on the key areas you need to cover:

1. Set Texts:

 Understanding the Play: Focus on the plot, themes, characters, and key dramatic moments of the set
text. Be prepared to discuss the play’s context, the historical period, and the author’s intentions.
 Character Analysis: Identify the motivations, development, and relationships of key characters.
Understand how they contribute to the themes of the play.
 Key Scenes: Be able to identify and analyse important scenes. Consider performance style,
character development, symbolism, and stage directions.
 Directorial Interpretation: Reflect on how the play can be directed. Consider aspects such as set
design, costumes, lighting, and sound that influence how the audience interprets the play.

2. Theatre Practitioners and Performance Styles:

 Stanislavski: Study his method acting system focusing on emotional truth, the “method” of
internalising characters, and the use of objectives and super-objectives.
 Bertolt Brecht: Understand Epic Theatre and techniques like alienation effect, where the audience
is kept distanced from emotional involvement. Brecht’s focus was on making the audience think
critically about social issues.
 Antonin Artaud: Explore Theatre of Cruelty, focusing on physical and emotional response through
visceral experiences rather than narrative-driven plots.
 Constantin Stanislavski vs. Brecht: Understand the contrast between Stanislavski’s naturalistic
acting and Brecht’s epic theatre, and when and why each method might be used.

3. Drama and Theatre Terminology:

 Dramatic Techniques: Be familiar with terms like monologue, soliloquy, flashback,
foreshadowing, and chorus.
 Stage Directions and Performance Elements: Understand the impact of lighting, sound,
costumes, set design, and blocking in creating meaning in performances.
 Acting Styles: Study the differences between naturalism, expressionism, and abstract theatre, and
how they affect the audience’s emotional and intellectual response.

4. Live Theatre Evaluation:

 Theatrical Production: You will need to analyse a live performance you've attended. Focus on acting,
directorial decisions, set design, lighting, sound, and costumes.
 Evaluation Criteria: Evaluate how effectively the performance conveyed the director’s vision, engaged
the audience, and communicated themes. Reflect on the impact of choices made during the
performance.

5. The Role of the Designer, Director, and Actor:

 Director's Vision: Understand the role of the director in shaping the production, including their choices
in casting, blocking, and interpreting the script.
 Set and Costume Design: Know how design elements like set, props, and costumes communicate
the world of the play and reflect the themes and characters.
 Actor's Role: Be aware of how actors use physicality, voice, and facial expressions to create
characters and communicate the meaning of the script to the audience.




IB/H/Jun24/G4001/E7 7262/W

, 2


Section A: Drama through the ages

Answer one question from this section.

For the purposes of this examination, a ‘section’ is defined as a continuous unit of action,
interaction, monologue or dialogue extending beyond a single page of text.

You are reminded that you must not answer on both Butterworth’s Jerusalem and
Teale’s Brontë.


Sophocles: Antigone

EITHER

0 1 As a designer, or as a performer playing Antigone, discuss how your contribution to
two sections of the play would help to achieve a cathartic experience for
your audience.

You should refer to two sections that occur after Haemon’s exit.

You must make specific reference to the social, cultural and/or historical context of
Antigone in your answer.
[25 marks]

OR

0 2 As a director, discuss how your direction of the Chorus would help the audience to
understand the play’s main issues in two or three sections of the play.

You must make specific reference to the social, cultural and/or historical context of
Antigone in your answer.
[25 marks]




IB/H/Jun24/7262/W

, 3


Shakespeare: Much Ado About Nothing

OR

0 3 As a director or as a costume designer, discuss the methods you would use to
highlight the contrasting characters of the cousins, Hero and Beatrice, in two
separate sections of the play.

You must make specific reference to the social, cultural and/or historical context of
Much Ado About Nothing in your answer.
[25 marks]

OR

0 4 As a performer, discuss how you would create comedy for your audience from your
interpretation of Dogberry in two separate sections of the play.

You must make specific reference to the social, cultural and/or historical context of
Much Ado About Nothing in your answer.
[25 marks]


Goldoni: A Servant to Two Masters

OR

0 5 As a director or as a designer, discuss your ideas for facilitating the fast-paced
action and creation of comedy in two separate sections of the play.

You must make specific reference to the social, cultural and/or historical context of
A Servant to Two Masters in your answer.
[25 marks]

OR

0 6 As a performer, discuss how you would play the role of Truffaldino in two or more
separate sections of the play to demonstrate different aspects of his character.

You must make specific reference to the social, cultural and/or historical context of
A Servant to Two Masters in your answer.
[25 marks]




Turn over ►
IB/H/Jun24/7262/W

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