Extensive summaries Migration and Citizenship
Week 1................................................................................................................................... 3
Hein de Haas (2005) - "International Migration, Remittances and Development: Myths and
Facts"..................................................................................................................................... 3
Hein de Haas (2023) - "How Migration Really Works" (Chapter 1: Migration is at an All-Time
High" Myth)............................................................................................................................. 6
Hein de Haas (2023) - "How Migration Really Works" (Chapter 5: Development in Poor
Countries Will Reduce Migration" Myth)...............................................................................10
Week 1 Lecture – "The Need for a New Migration Paradigm" (Hein de Haas, 29 October
2024).................................................................................................................................... 14
Week 2................................................................................................................................. 18
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2020) "The Age of Migration" (Chapter 2: Categories
of Migration)......................................................................................................................... 18
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2020) "The Age of Migration" (Chapter 3: Theories of
Migration)............................................................................................................................. 22
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2020) "The Age of Migration" (Chapter 12: Migrants
and Minorities in the Labour Force)......................................................................................26
Week 2 Lecture – "Why Do People Migrate? Migration as Agency Within Constraints" (Bram
Lancee, 2024)...................................................................................................................... 30
1. Neoclassical Migration Theory.......................................................................31
2. New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM).................................................31
3. Human Capital Theory...................................................................................31
4. Roy-Borjas Model of Immigrant Selection......................................................31
1. World Systems Theory...................................................................................32
2. Dependency Theory.......................................................................................32
3. Dual Labour Market Theory............................................................................32
Week 3................................................................................................................................. 35
Crawley & Skleparis (2018) - "Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and
the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis’".........................................................35
Castles (2003) - "Towards a Sociology of Forced Migration and Social Transformation".....38
Van Liempt (2018) - "Human Smuggling: A Global Migration Industry"................................42
Week 3 Lecture – "Forced Migration" (Eva Zschirnt, 2024)..................................................46
Week 4................................................................................................................................. 49
Džankić & Vink (2022) - "Citizenship & Migration"................................................................49
Ayelet Shachar (2020) - "Beyond Open and Closed Borders: The Grand Transformation of
Citizenship"........................................................................................................................... 53
Irene Bloemraad (2017) - "Does Citizenship Matter?"..........................................................57
Week 4 Lecture – "Citizenship" (Eva Zschirnt, 2024)...........................................................60
Week 5................................................................................................................................. 65
Koopmans, Michalowski & Waibel (2012) - "Citizenship Rights for Immigrants: National
Political Processes and Cross-National Convergence in Western Europe, 1980–2008".......65
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2020) "The Age of Migration" (Chapter 11: The
Evolution and Effectiveness of Migration Policies)................................................................69
Solano & De Coninck (2022) - "Explaining Migrant Integration Policies: A Comparative Study
Across 56 Countries"............................................................................................................ 72
Week 5 Lecture – "Immigration and Integration Regimes" (Bram Lancee, 2024).................77
Week 6................................................................................................................................. 82
1
,Lancee (2018) - "The Economic Returns of Immigrants’ Bonding and Bridging Social Capital:
The Case of the Netherlands"...............................................................................................82
Fibbi, Midtbøen & Simon (2021) - "Discrimination Theories and the Empirical Realities of
Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring".............................................................................................84
Verkuyten (2016) - "The Integration Paradox: Empirical Evidence from the Netherlands"....89
Week 6 Lecture – "Discrimination, Ethnic Inequality, and Social Capital" (Bram Lancee &
Eva Zschirnt, 2024).............................................................................................................. 92
2
,Week 1
Hein de Haas (2005) - "International Migration, Remittances
and Development: Myths and Facts"
Main Argument
De Haas critiques the dominant narrative on migration, which often focuses on its impact on
receiving countries while neglecting its developmental effects on sending countries. He
argues that migration is a reciprocal process: it both shapes and is shaped by economic
and social development. Instead of trying to stop migration, policies should facilitate circular
migration to maximize its developmental potential.
The article systematically debunks seven myths about migration, remittances, and
development.
Key Concepts & Myths Debunked
1. Myth: We live in an age of unprecedented migration.
● Many assume that migration today is at an all-time high due to globalization.
● However, migration levels relative to the world population (2.5-3%) have remained
stable for over a century.
● Historically, the 19th and early 20th centuries saw even larger migration flows,
such as:
○ European migration to the Americas.
○ Colonial migration (Europeans moving to Africa and Asia).
○ Indentured labor migration (Indians and Chinese to the Caribbean,
Southeast Asia, and Africa).
● The perception of a "migration crisis" is more about changing migration
directions (e.g., more South-North migration) than an actual numerical increase.
2. Myth: Poverty and misery are the root causes of migration.
● Many assume that people migrate because they are poor.
● However, migration is expensive and requires knowledge, resources, and
networks.
● The poorest populations migrate the least because they lack the means.
● Migration rates are highest in middle-income countries like Mexico, Turkey, and
the Philippines, not in the poorest nations.
● Economic development initially increases migration (a phenomenon called the
"migration hump").
○ As incomes rise, people gain resources to migrate.
○ Only when development reaches high-income levels does migration slow
down.
3. Myth: Development and trade liberalization reduce migration.
3
, ● Many policymakers claim that aid and trade agreements (e.g., NAFTA) can reduce
migration by improving local economies.
● Reality: Economic growth initially stimulates migration.
● Development increases education, awareness, and aspirations, making migration
more attractive.
● Trade liberalization can increase migration if it disrupts traditional sectors (e.g., local
farmers losing jobs due to cheap imports).
4. Myth: Migration causes ‘brain drain’.
● The "brain drain" argument suggests that skilled migration harms sending countries.
● However, the effects are complex and vary by country:
○ Not all migrants are highly skilled.
○ Some countries (e.g., the Philippines) deliberately train professionals for
overseas work.
○ Brain gain: Many migrants send back remittances, invest, and transfer
knowledge to their home countries.
○ Migrants often return with skills and global networks, benefiting local
economies.
○ Some diaspora communities actively support development in their origin
countries.
5. Myth: Remittances create dependency and are wasted on
consumption.
● Critics argue that remittances (money sent by migrants to their home countries) fuel
consumerism rather than productive investments.
● Reality: Remittances significantly improve education, healthcare, and
infrastructure.
● Remittances also have multiplier effects—increasing economic activity and creating
jobs.
● The perception of remittances leading to "dependency" is too simplistic. Many
households use remittances to start businesses or invest in property.
6. Myth: Migrants sending money home means they are not integrating.
● Some European politicians argue that sending money home signals poor
integration.
● Reality: Many well-integrated migrants still maintain transnational ties.
● Being engaged in both home and host countries is not mutually exclusive.
● Transnationalism is increasingly common, facilitated by digital technology and
easier travel.
● Migrants often play active roles in both societies—for instance, Turkish
entrepreneurs in Germany investing in Turkey.
7. Myth: Migration can be stopped through restrictive policies.
● Governments often tighten borders to stop migration.
● Reality: This often backfires, leading to:
○ More undocumented migration.
○ Increased permanent settlement (since return migration becomes harder).
● Solution: Policies should facilitate circular migration, allowing people to move
freely and invest back home.
● Examples:
4
Week 1................................................................................................................................... 3
Hein de Haas (2005) - "International Migration, Remittances and Development: Myths and
Facts"..................................................................................................................................... 3
Hein de Haas (2023) - "How Migration Really Works" (Chapter 1: Migration is at an All-Time
High" Myth)............................................................................................................................. 6
Hein de Haas (2023) - "How Migration Really Works" (Chapter 5: Development in Poor
Countries Will Reduce Migration" Myth)...............................................................................10
Week 1 Lecture – "The Need for a New Migration Paradigm" (Hein de Haas, 29 October
2024).................................................................................................................................... 14
Week 2................................................................................................................................. 18
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2020) "The Age of Migration" (Chapter 2: Categories
of Migration)......................................................................................................................... 18
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2020) "The Age of Migration" (Chapter 3: Theories of
Migration)............................................................................................................................. 22
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2020) "The Age of Migration" (Chapter 12: Migrants
and Minorities in the Labour Force)......................................................................................26
Week 2 Lecture – "Why Do People Migrate? Migration as Agency Within Constraints" (Bram
Lancee, 2024)...................................................................................................................... 30
1. Neoclassical Migration Theory.......................................................................31
2. New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM).................................................31
3. Human Capital Theory...................................................................................31
4. Roy-Borjas Model of Immigrant Selection......................................................31
1. World Systems Theory...................................................................................32
2. Dependency Theory.......................................................................................32
3. Dual Labour Market Theory............................................................................32
Week 3................................................................................................................................. 35
Crawley & Skleparis (2018) - "Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and
the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis’".........................................................35
Castles (2003) - "Towards a Sociology of Forced Migration and Social Transformation".....38
Van Liempt (2018) - "Human Smuggling: A Global Migration Industry"................................42
Week 3 Lecture – "Forced Migration" (Eva Zschirnt, 2024)..................................................46
Week 4................................................................................................................................. 49
Džankić & Vink (2022) - "Citizenship & Migration"................................................................49
Ayelet Shachar (2020) - "Beyond Open and Closed Borders: The Grand Transformation of
Citizenship"........................................................................................................................... 53
Irene Bloemraad (2017) - "Does Citizenship Matter?"..........................................................57
Week 4 Lecture – "Citizenship" (Eva Zschirnt, 2024)...........................................................60
Week 5................................................................................................................................. 65
Koopmans, Michalowski & Waibel (2012) - "Citizenship Rights for Immigrants: National
Political Processes and Cross-National Convergence in Western Europe, 1980–2008".......65
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2020) "The Age of Migration" (Chapter 11: The
Evolution and Effectiveness of Migration Policies)................................................................69
Solano & De Coninck (2022) - "Explaining Migrant Integration Policies: A Comparative Study
Across 56 Countries"............................................................................................................ 72
Week 5 Lecture – "Immigration and Integration Regimes" (Bram Lancee, 2024).................77
Week 6................................................................................................................................. 82
1
,Lancee (2018) - "The Economic Returns of Immigrants’ Bonding and Bridging Social Capital:
The Case of the Netherlands"...............................................................................................82
Fibbi, Midtbøen & Simon (2021) - "Discrimination Theories and the Empirical Realities of
Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring".............................................................................................84
Verkuyten (2016) - "The Integration Paradox: Empirical Evidence from the Netherlands"....89
Week 6 Lecture – "Discrimination, Ethnic Inequality, and Social Capital" (Bram Lancee &
Eva Zschirnt, 2024).............................................................................................................. 92
2
,Week 1
Hein de Haas (2005) - "International Migration, Remittances
and Development: Myths and Facts"
Main Argument
De Haas critiques the dominant narrative on migration, which often focuses on its impact on
receiving countries while neglecting its developmental effects on sending countries. He
argues that migration is a reciprocal process: it both shapes and is shaped by economic
and social development. Instead of trying to stop migration, policies should facilitate circular
migration to maximize its developmental potential.
The article systematically debunks seven myths about migration, remittances, and
development.
Key Concepts & Myths Debunked
1. Myth: We live in an age of unprecedented migration.
● Many assume that migration today is at an all-time high due to globalization.
● However, migration levels relative to the world population (2.5-3%) have remained
stable for over a century.
● Historically, the 19th and early 20th centuries saw even larger migration flows,
such as:
○ European migration to the Americas.
○ Colonial migration (Europeans moving to Africa and Asia).
○ Indentured labor migration (Indians and Chinese to the Caribbean,
Southeast Asia, and Africa).
● The perception of a "migration crisis" is more about changing migration
directions (e.g., more South-North migration) than an actual numerical increase.
2. Myth: Poverty and misery are the root causes of migration.
● Many assume that people migrate because they are poor.
● However, migration is expensive and requires knowledge, resources, and
networks.
● The poorest populations migrate the least because they lack the means.
● Migration rates are highest in middle-income countries like Mexico, Turkey, and
the Philippines, not in the poorest nations.
● Economic development initially increases migration (a phenomenon called the
"migration hump").
○ As incomes rise, people gain resources to migrate.
○ Only when development reaches high-income levels does migration slow
down.
3. Myth: Development and trade liberalization reduce migration.
3
, ● Many policymakers claim that aid and trade agreements (e.g., NAFTA) can reduce
migration by improving local economies.
● Reality: Economic growth initially stimulates migration.
● Development increases education, awareness, and aspirations, making migration
more attractive.
● Trade liberalization can increase migration if it disrupts traditional sectors (e.g., local
farmers losing jobs due to cheap imports).
4. Myth: Migration causes ‘brain drain’.
● The "brain drain" argument suggests that skilled migration harms sending countries.
● However, the effects are complex and vary by country:
○ Not all migrants are highly skilled.
○ Some countries (e.g., the Philippines) deliberately train professionals for
overseas work.
○ Brain gain: Many migrants send back remittances, invest, and transfer
knowledge to their home countries.
○ Migrants often return with skills and global networks, benefiting local
economies.
○ Some diaspora communities actively support development in their origin
countries.
5. Myth: Remittances create dependency and are wasted on
consumption.
● Critics argue that remittances (money sent by migrants to their home countries) fuel
consumerism rather than productive investments.
● Reality: Remittances significantly improve education, healthcare, and
infrastructure.
● Remittances also have multiplier effects—increasing economic activity and creating
jobs.
● The perception of remittances leading to "dependency" is too simplistic. Many
households use remittances to start businesses or invest in property.
6. Myth: Migrants sending money home means they are not integrating.
● Some European politicians argue that sending money home signals poor
integration.
● Reality: Many well-integrated migrants still maintain transnational ties.
● Being engaged in both home and host countries is not mutually exclusive.
● Transnationalism is increasingly common, facilitated by digital technology and
easier travel.
● Migrants often play active roles in both societies—for instance, Turkish
entrepreneurs in Germany investing in Turkey.
7. Myth: Migration can be stopped through restrictive policies.
● Governments often tighten borders to stop migration.
● Reality: This often backfires, leading to:
○ More undocumented migration.
○ Increased permanent settlement (since return migration becomes harder).
● Solution: Policies should facilitate circular migration, allowing people to move
freely and invest back home.
● Examples:
4
