Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen University
questions with verified answers
Active immunity Ans✓✓✓ A form of acquired immunity in which the body
produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
Atopic Dermatitis Complications Ans✓✓✓ secondary bacterial skin infections,
neurodermatitis (permanent scarring and discoloration from chronic scratching),
and eye problems (e.g., conjunctivitis) May affect any area, but typically appears
on the arms and behind the knees
Atopic Dermatitis Ans✓✓✓ Also called eczema
Chronic inflammatory condition triggered by an allergen
Has an inherited tendency
May be accompanied by asthma and allergic rhinitis Most common in infants and
usually resolves by early adulthood
Characterized by remissions and exacerbations
Exact cause unknown, but may result from an immune system malfunction
(similar to hypersensitivity reaction, i.e., IgE elevation present)
Atopic march theory
Atopic Dermatitis Manifestations Ans✓✓✓ Red to brownish-gray skin patches
Pruritus, which may be severe, especially at night Vesicles Thickened (lichenified),
cracked, or scaly skin Irritated, sensitive skin from scratching
Bacterial Infections Impetigo Ans✓✓✓ Common and highly contagious.
Can occur without an apparent skin breach, but typically arises from a break in
the skin. Lesions usually begin as small vesicles that enlarge and rupture, forming
,the characteristic honey-colored crust. Can spread throughout the body through
self-transfer of the exudate. Typically caused by staphylococci, which produce a
toxin that attacks collagen and promotes spread. Other manifestations: pruritus
and lymphadenopathy.
Burns Complications: Diagnosis: Ans✓✓✓ local infection (particularly
Staphylococcus infection), sepsis, hypovolemia, shock, hypothermia, respiratory
problems, scarring, and contractures history, physical examination (including
determining the total body surface area affected), chest X-ray, endoscopy,
complete blood count, and blood chemistry
Burns Ans✓✓✓ Injury that can result from exposure to a thermal or nonthermal
source Triggers inflammatory reaction and results in tissue destruction
Burns First-degree burns: Ans✓✓✓ affect only the epidermis and cause pain,
erythema, and edema
Burns Second-degree burns: Ans✓✓✓ affect the epidermis and dermis and cause
pain, erythema, edema, and blistering
Burns Sources Ans✓✓✓ dry heat (e.g., fire), wet heat (e.g., steam or hot liquids),
radiation, friction, heated objects, natural or artificial UV light, electricity, and
chemicals (e.g., acids, alkaline, and paint thinner)
Burns Third-degree burns: Ans✓✓✓ extend into deeper tissues and cause white
or blackened, charred skin that may be numb
Cachexia Ans✓✓✓ malnourished
,Calcium Ans✓✓✓ Normal range: 4-5 mEq/L
Mostly found in the bone and teeth
Plays a role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, receptor functions, nerve
transmission, and muscular contraction
Has inverse relationship with phosphorus
Has synergistic relationship with magnesium
Main source is dietary intake.
Vitamin D aids absorption.
Regulated by Vitamin K Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin
Calcium live lecture Ans✓✓✓ calcium's buddy for absorption is vitamin D.
Phosphorus is the inverse.
Cancer Benign Ans✓✓✓ Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles
host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause death
Cancer Malignant Ans✓✓✓ Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal,
highly undifferentiated
Carcinogenesis Ans✓✓✓ development of cancer
1. initiation
2. promotes
3. progress
Causes of Fluid Deficit Ans✓✓✓ Inadequate fluid intake
, Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid replacement
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation
Hemorrhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open wounds
Ascites Effusions Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Causes of Hypernatremia Ans✓✓✓ Excessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV
saline (3% saline) administration
Cushing's syndrome
Corticosteroid use
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
Decreased water ingestion
Loss of thirst sensation
Inability to drink water
Third spacing
Vomiting
Causes of Hyponatremia Ans✓✓✓ Deficient sodium
questions with verified answers
Active immunity Ans✓✓✓ A form of acquired immunity in which the body
produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
Atopic Dermatitis Complications Ans✓✓✓ secondary bacterial skin infections,
neurodermatitis (permanent scarring and discoloration from chronic scratching),
and eye problems (e.g., conjunctivitis) May affect any area, but typically appears
on the arms and behind the knees
Atopic Dermatitis Ans✓✓✓ Also called eczema
Chronic inflammatory condition triggered by an allergen
Has an inherited tendency
May be accompanied by asthma and allergic rhinitis Most common in infants and
usually resolves by early adulthood
Characterized by remissions and exacerbations
Exact cause unknown, but may result from an immune system malfunction
(similar to hypersensitivity reaction, i.e., IgE elevation present)
Atopic march theory
Atopic Dermatitis Manifestations Ans✓✓✓ Red to brownish-gray skin patches
Pruritus, which may be severe, especially at night Vesicles Thickened (lichenified),
cracked, or scaly skin Irritated, sensitive skin from scratching
Bacterial Infections Impetigo Ans✓✓✓ Common and highly contagious.
Can occur without an apparent skin breach, but typically arises from a break in
the skin. Lesions usually begin as small vesicles that enlarge and rupture, forming
,the characteristic honey-colored crust. Can spread throughout the body through
self-transfer of the exudate. Typically caused by staphylococci, which produce a
toxin that attacks collagen and promotes spread. Other manifestations: pruritus
and lymphadenopathy.
Burns Complications: Diagnosis: Ans✓✓✓ local infection (particularly
Staphylococcus infection), sepsis, hypovolemia, shock, hypothermia, respiratory
problems, scarring, and contractures history, physical examination (including
determining the total body surface area affected), chest X-ray, endoscopy,
complete blood count, and blood chemistry
Burns Ans✓✓✓ Injury that can result from exposure to a thermal or nonthermal
source Triggers inflammatory reaction and results in tissue destruction
Burns First-degree burns: Ans✓✓✓ affect only the epidermis and cause pain,
erythema, and edema
Burns Second-degree burns: Ans✓✓✓ affect the epidermis and dermis and cause
pain, erythema, edema, and blistering
Burns Sources Ans✓✓✓ dry heat (e.g., fire), wet heat (e.g., steam or hot liquids),
radiation, friction, heated objects, natural or artificial UV light, electricity, and
chemicals (e.g., acids, alkaline, and paint thinner)
Burns Third-degree burns: Ans✓✓✓ extend into deeper tissues and cause white
or blackened, charred skin that may be numb
Cachexia Ans✓✓✓ malnourished
,Calcium Ans✓✓✓ Normal range: 4-5 mEq/L
Mostly found in the bone and teeth
Plays a role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, receptor functions, nerve
transmission, and muscular contraction
Has inverse relationship with phosphorus
Has synergistic relationship with magnesium
Main source is dietary intake.
Vitamin D aids absorption.
Regulated by Vitamin K Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin
Calcium live lecture Ans✓✓✓ calcium's buddy for absorption is vitamin D.
Phosphorus is the inverse.
Cancer Benign Ans✓✓✓ Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles
host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause death
Cancer Malignant Ans✓✓✓ Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal,
highly undifferentiated
Carcinogenesis Ans✓✓✓ development of cancer
1. initiation
2. promotes
3. progress
Causes of Fluid Deficit Ans✓✓✓ Inadequate fluid intake
, Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid replacement
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation
Hemorrhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open wounds
Ascites Effusions Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Causes of Hypernatremia Ans✓✓✓ Excessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV
saline (3% saline) administration
Cushing's syndrome
Corticosteroid use
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
Decreased water ingestion
Loss of thirst sensation
Inability to drink water
Third spacing
Vomiting
Causes of Hyponatremia Ans✓✓✓ Deficient sodium
